Table 1.
Phenolic derivatives found from methanol extract of Parthenium hysterophorus in different parts through LC-MS analysis.
Fig 1.
Showing the effect on germination% from different concentration levels of Parthenium aerial plant parts on crops (Bambara groundnut, radish, sweet gourd, cucumber, tomato and pepper).
LE- Leaf extract, SE–Stem extract, FE–Flower extract.
Fig 2.
Showing the effect on germination% from different concentration levels of Parthenium aerial plant parts on crops (maize, okra and carrot) and weeds species (crabgrass and goosegrass).
LE- Leaf extract, SE–Stem extract, FE–Flower extract.
Table 2.
Effect of leaves extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus with methanol on germination, radicle and hypocotyl length and (%) inhibition of different crops.
Table 3.
Effect of stem extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus with methanol on germination, radicle and hypocotyl length and (%) inhibition of different crops.
Table 4.
Effect of flower extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus with methanol on germination, radicle and hypocotyl length and (%) inhibition of different crops.
Table 5.
For the examined species, the rank value (Re) of P. hysterophorus methanol extract.
Fig 3.
All indicator plants’ mean EC50 values for seed germination, radicle, and hypocotyl length are represented in a dendrogram (C1- Bambara groundnut, C2- Radish, C3- Sweet gourd, C4- Cucumber, C5- Tomato, C6- pepper, C7- Maize, C8- Okra, C9- Carrot, C10- Crabgrass, C11- Goosegrass) treated with the leaf, stem and flower extracts of P. hysterophorus with methanol revealed by non-overlapping (SAHN) UPGMA method.
Table 6.
Showing the similarity among the indicator plants.
Fig 4.
Based on Euclidian distance, the principal component analysis (PCA)-2D graphical association among the indicator plants treated with Parthenium leaf, stem, and flower with methanol extract.
Fig 5.
Based on Euclidian distance, principal component analysis (PCA)-3D graphical association between the indicator plants treated with Parthenium leaf, stem, and flower with methanol extract.
Fig 6.
Chromatograms of allelopathic potential of standard compounds from leaf extract of P. hysterophorus (1. Parthenin, 2. Quinic acid, 3. Chlorogenic acid, 4. Vanillic acid, 5. Caffeic acid, 6. Ferulic acid, and 7. Anisic acid).