Fig 1.
Map of the study area.
Table 1.
Passport data for barley collection in Gumer.
Table 2.
Summary of diversity statistics for the barley landraces collected in Gumer.
Table 3.
Summary of characteristics of barley genotype identified by the surveyed household.
Table 4.
Ranges of Nei’s gene diversity (GD), polymorphic information content (PIC), minor allele frequency (MAF), observed heterozygosity (Ho), inbreeding coefficient (Fi), and effective alleles (Ne), number of landraces (N), number of markers (# SNPs), the index of associations (IA), and linkage disequilibrium testing (rbarD), P-values <0.01) of the 20,3670 polymorphic SNPs generated from collections from Gumer, Ethiopia, Japan, and the USA.
Fig 2.
Distribution and population structure of barley landraces in the Gumer district compared to the landraces of barley from Ethiopia, Japan, and the USA barley landraces.
The colors indicate the geographic origins of the barley samples. A. Bayesian information criterion (BIC) for a range of K values (lower BIC indicates higher model support). B. Estimation number of populations using the delta K derived from LnP (D) from 1 to 6 using SNP data. C. Assignment plots where each vertical bar represents an individual. The y-axis is posterior membership probability, and the x-axis is individuals within their population.
Fig 3.
Scatter plot of the first two components of the principal component analysis of Gumer, Ethiopia, Japan, and US barley.
The color of the dot indicates the geographic origin.
Fig 4.
Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) for 182 barley genotypes from USA, Japan, Ethiopia, and Gumer.
The first two linear discriminants are represented by the axes (LD). The scatterplot of the final DAPC model with sampling locality as a prior, where points are individual genotypes, color-coded by their original sampling locality, and surrounded by a 95% confidence ellipse. The DA and PCA eigenvalues represent the amount of genetic variation captured by the analysis, and the first two discriminant factors are plotted as the x- and y-axis. Clusters 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent Gumer, Ethiopia, Japan, and USA collections.
Table 5.
Analysis of molecular variance by collection region.
Fig 5.
Tree based on a binary matrix calculated from a dataset of 20,367 SNPs analyzed in 182 barley landraces from four different geographic regions. Clustering was supported by bootstrap analysis with 1000 replicates. Next to strain numbers, different colors represent the places from which the barley landraces were collected. Different circular curves indicate clusters of the landraces.
Table 6.
Genetic distance between populations using Fst.