Table 1.
Overview of the applied neuropsychological tests.
Table 2.
Sample characteristics of all PD patients.
Table 3.
Sample characteristics of fMRI subsample.
Table 4.
ISAm-PD test results.
Fig 1.
Spearman correlations between ISAm and demographic, disease-related and neuropsychological data.
Abbreviations: BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory; ECFT-MI, Extended Complex Figure Test–Motor Independent Version; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; TMT, Trail Making Test; VLMT, Verbal learning and memory test; WAIS-IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition; vfl, verbal fluency; (+), higher scores indicate higher impairment or worse performance; *p < .05; (*) p ≥ .05 after correction for age and education years.
Fig 2.
Overview of quality assurance measures for the resting-state fMRI subsample.
Abbreviations: MaxGSchange, maximum change of the global BOLD signal; MeanGSchange, mean change of the global BOLD signal; MaxMotion, maximum amount of motion; MeanMotion, average amount of motion; Q, quartile; IQR, interquartile range, S, subject.
Table 5.
Voxel-wise regression results of ISAm scores and seed-based resting-state fMRI functional connectivity in PD patients (n = 15).
Fig 3.
Associations between ISAm-total, ISAm-LID and resting-state fMRI functional connectivity.
A) Positive association between ISAm-total scores and functional connectivity between the left IFG seed and the insular cortex. B) Negative association between ISAm-LID scores and functional connectivity between the left IFG seed and the supplementary motor area. C) Negative association between ISAm-LID scores and functional connectivity in between the right IFG seed and the precentral gyrus. All results were corrected for multiple comparisons using family-wise error (FWE) correction at cluster level. Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus.
Fig 4.
Spearman correlations between ISAm and FFMQ-D scores.
Abbreviations: FFMQ-D, Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–German version; *p < .05.