Fig 1.
The solid red circles indicate the hawks, and the blue circles indicate doves. Groups are shown in yellow with agents in them. The reproductive process is illustrated by a cycle illustrating the accumulation of resources and then reduction in resources when a reproductive event occurs (bottom).
Table 1.
Fixed parameters, initial conditions, and parameter swept.
Fig 2.
Validation simulations of theoretical evolutionary stable state (ESS) in hawk-dove game.
The hawk frequencies evolved to the predicted b/c when c > b, except when b/c > 0.9. Dashed lines indicate the theoretically predicted hawk frequencies, b/c. The benefit was held constant b = 6 across all simulations. The cost, c, was varied, c = 14, 12, 10, 8, 6.67, and 6.5, with predicted hawk frequencies of b/c = 0.43, 0.5, 0.6, 0.75, 0.9, and 0.92, respectively.
Fig 3.
Evolved hawk frequencies varied by maximum group size and benefit-cost ratio.
Hawk frequencies were lower than theoretical values in simulations with group structure. Dashed lines indicate the theoretically predicted hawk frequencies, b/c.
Fig 4.
Natal dispersal for different values of GSmax with b/c = 0.75.
Dispersal rates of d = 0 to 1.0 were tested. As natal dispersal increases group breaks down; allowing the exploitation of doves by hawks.