Fig 1.
Architecture of Air-fuel system of SI IC engine [35].
Table 1.
List of symbols and their description.
Fig 2.
Flowchart of proposed FTCS.
Table 2.
Throttle angle and MAP values at 300 and 600 r/min [32].
Table 3.
Values of unknown constants for MAP estimation.
Fig 3.
Line fit plots for MAP estimation (a) 300 r/min (b) 600 r/min.
Table 4.
MAP value and throttle angles at 300 and 600 r/min [32].
Table 5.
Values of unknown constants for throttle estimation.
Fig 4.
Line fit plot for throttle estimation (a) 300 r/min (b) 600 r/min.
Fig 5.
AFTCS performance for AFR control of IC engine (a) at 300 r/min (b) at 600 r/min.
Table 6.
Actual and estimated MAP values and percentage errors.
Fig 6.
Percentage error comparison for MAP estimation in proposed, LR, and GA.
Table 7.
Actual and estimated throttle values and percentage errors.
Fig 7.
Percentage error comparison for throttle estimation in proposed, LR, and GA.