Fig 1.
Maps of the spatial distribution.
of (Left) industrial employment and (Right) industrial revenue in China’s prefecture-level cities.
Fig 2.
Urban scaling of manufacturing activities.
(A) Total employment by industries and (B) Total Revenue by industries. Scaling relations between (C) urban population and industrial employment for “food manufacturing” and “special equipment manufacturing”. (D) industrial employment and annual revenue for “petroleum, coal, fuel processing” and “instrument manufacturing”.
Fig 3.
Urban concentration & urban productivity.
The x-axis denotes urban productivity (measured by the scale elasticity). Urban concentration (measured by the scaling exponent of employment) slightly decreases with urban productivity. The blue solid line is a linear fit of the data. The red dashed line separates super-linear scaling from sub-linear scaling. Urban productivity measures returns to agglomeration by looking at the scale elasticity (scaling between employment and revenue).
Fig 4.
Urban concentration & complexity.
The x-axis denotes the complexity of a sector. Complexity is measured here as the natural logarithm of the ratio between R&D expenditure and revenue. A higher value indicates greater knowledge complexity. The y-axis denotes urban concentration (measured by the scaling exponent of employment). Urban concentration increases for more complex manufacturing industries. The red dashed line separates super-linear scaling from sub-linear scaling.
Table 1.
Regression results: Effects of urban productivity and complexity on urban concentration.
Fig 5.
Complexity and average per capita revenue of manufacturing industries by city group.
Complexity in the x-axis is measured in the same way as in Fig 4 using the natural logarithm of the ratio of R&D expenditure. Cities are divided into four cities groups. For each industry, we average the Per Capita Revenues for cities within the same group. In the four city groups (urban population “below 1.5 million”,“1.5–2.3”, “2.7–5.4” million, and “5.4 million and above”), the Per Capita Revenue tends to decrease slightly as complexity increases.
Fig 6.
Complexity & urban productivity.
Complexity is measured in the same way as in Fig 4. Urban Productivity is measured in the same way as in Fig 3.