Table 1.
Summary description of the synthetic example: Hansen-type accessibility Si, Shen-type accessibility ai, and spatial availability Vi with beta = 0.1 (light yellow) and beta = 0.6 (light grey).
Fig 1.
Comparison of two negative exponential impedance functions used in the synthetic example.
The x-axis represents the travel time (in mins) and the y-axis represents the impedance function at each travel time.
Fig 2.
Shen (1998) synthetic example with locations of employment centers (in orange), population centers (in blue), number of jobs and population and travel times.
Fig 3.
TTS 2016 study area (GGH, Ontario, Canada) along with the descriptive statistics of the origin destination (OD) pairs (count of workers that travel to their place of employment) by origin TAZ, calculated OD car travel time (TT), workers per TAZ, and jobs per TAZ.
Contains 20 municipalities/regions (black boundaries) and sub-regions (dark gray boundaries).
Fig 4.
Spatial distribution of full-time jobs (top) and full-time working population (bottom) at each TAZ for Toronto as provided by the 2016 TTS.
Black lines represent expressways and black dashed lines represent subway lines. All white TAZ have no worker population or jobs.
Fig 5.
Mean car travel time to jobs per origin (top) and standard deviation of car travel times per origin (bottom) for the city of Toronto.
Origin destination flows are provided by the 2016 TTS and car travel times estimated using r5r. Black lines represent expressways and black dashed lines represent subway lines. White TAZ represent a TAZ with no workers hence no travel time.
Fig 6.
Car trip length distribution and calibrated normal distribution impedance function (red line) with associated Q-Q and P-P plots.
Based on the estimated car travel times for full-time employment OD trips in Toronto from the TTS 2016.
Fig 7.
Estimated accessibility to jobs (# of jobs) in Toronto according to Shen-type measure multipled by the effective opportunity-seeking population (top), Hansen-type measure (middle), and spatial availability (bottom).
Black lines represent expressways and black dashed lines represent subway lines. All white TAZ have no worker population or jobs, i.e., with null accessibility values. Legend scale is square root transformed to effectively visualize the range of values.
Fig 8.
The ratio of the effective opportunity seeking population to the population (top) and the average spatial availability’s balancing factor (Eq (9)) (bottom) for Toronto TAZ.
Black lines represent expressways and black dashed lines represent subway lines. All white TAZ have no worker population or jobs, i.e., with null accessibility values.
Fig 9.
Hansen-type accessible jobs per capita (top), number of jobs to population ratio (middle), and spatially available jobs per capita (bottom) for Toronto.
An arbitrary jobs-to-workers ratio is assumed to be 1 in the paper, this is the hypothetical opportunity availability benchmark. Black lines represent expressways and black dashed lines represent subway lines. All white TAZ have no worker population or jobs, i.e., with null accessibility values.