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Fig 1.

Location map of the study area, Satkhira, Bangladesh.

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Table 1.

Overview of shrimp farming in the study area.

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Fig 2.

Workflow for aquaculture area extraction in this study.

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Fig 3.

SRTM DEM data based (A) slope (B) elevation of the study area.

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Table 2.

Overview of Sentinel-2 based NDWI and MNDWI parameters.

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Fig 4.

Box plots shows the shape metrics calculation: (A-Area (ha), B-Perimeter, C-Compactness, and D-P2A) for the study area aquaculture ponds samples.

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Fig 5.

Histograms of (a) ISODATA-VV, (b) ISODATA-VH, (c) Otsu-VV and (d) Otsu-VH bands.

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Fig 6.

Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 based NDWI images of (A) January-2017 (B) February-2017 (C) March-2017 (D) December-2017 (E) January-2018 (F) February-2018, (G) March-2018 (H) December-2018, (I) January-2019 (J) February-2019, (K) March-2019, and (L) December-2019.

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Fig 7.

Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 based MNDWI images of (A) January-2017 (B) February-2017 (C) March-2017 (D) December-2017 (E) January-2018 (F) February-2018, (G) March-2018 (H) December-2018, (I) January-2019 (J) February-2019, (K) March-2019, and (L) December-2019.

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Fig 8.

Temporal variations of water bodies based on Sentinel-2 NDWI and MNDWI in the study area.

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Table 3.

Otsu’s thresholding for NDWI and MNDWI.

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Fig 9.

Sentinel-1 object-based classification results: (A) Jan-2017, (B) May-2017, (C) Aug.-2017, (D) Dec.-2017, (E) Jan.-2018, (F) May-2018, (G), Aug.-2018, (H) Dec.-2018, (I) January 2019, (J) May-2019, (K) August 2019 and (L) December 2019.

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Table 4.

Rice cultivation cycle in different seasons.

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Fig 10.

Sentinel-1 object-based image classification result (2017, 2018, 2019).

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Fig 11.

Bagda (Penaeus Monodon) and Galda (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii) production in the study area [25].

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Fig 12.

Rice production in the study area in the last ten years.

[Source: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI)].

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Fig 13.

The production and export data of shrimp farming from 2010 to 2018 years.

[Data Source: District Fisheries Office (DFO), Satkhira] [Note: P = Production and E = Export].

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Fig 14.

Percentage of farmers involved in (a) aquaculture, (b) rice/crops cultivation in the study area. [Data source: questionnaire survey].

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Fig 15.

Strategies for sustainable shrimp farming and to save the environment.

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