Table 1.
Basic attributes of the 4 datasets.
Table 2.
Cumulative number of reported cases of COVID-19 (Japan: Feb. 24–Mar. 1, 2020; Canada: Feb. 27, 2020; US: Feb. 27, 2020).
Fig 1.
Number of respondents by age and sex.
Table 3.
Characteristics of respondents’ children.
Table 4.
Characteristics of respondents’ parents.
Fig 2.
Diagram of the experimental procedure.
The interventions are indicated by black dashed boxes and the targets of those interventions are indicated by red dashed boxes. Reprinted from [26] under a CC BY license, with permission from Komatsu, 2020.
Fig 3.
Message presented to the control group.
Reprinted from [26] under a CC BY license, with permission from Komatsu, 2020.
Fig 4.
Message presented to treatment group 1.
The intervention portions are indicated by italics. Reprinted from [26] under a CC BY license, with permission from Komatsu, 2020.
Fig 5.
Message presented to those under 50 years of age in treatment group 2.
The intervention portions are indicated by italics. Reprinted from [26] under a CC BY license, with permission from Komatsu, 2020.
Fig 6.
Message presented to those 50 years of age and older in treatment group 2.
The intervention portions are indicated by italics. Reprinted from [26] under a CC BY license, with permission from Komatsu, 2020.
Table 5.
Summary of experimental interventions.
Fig 7.
Pre-intervention attitude toward air pollution by group.
Higher values on the vertical axis indicate higher perceived danger of air pollution. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
Table 6.
One-way analysis of variance for pre-intervention (Qpre) attitudes toward air pollution for future generations (Future Generations).
Table 7.
Comparison of pre-intervention (Qpre) attitudes toward air pollution for future generations (Future Generations).
Table 8.
One-way analysis of variance for pre-intervention (Qpre) attitudes toward air pollution for the respondents themselves (Yourself).
Table 9.
Comparison of pre-intervention (Qpre) attitudes toward air pollution for the respondents themselves (Yourself).
Fig 8.
Post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D).
Higher values on the vertical axis indicate lower perceived danger of air pollution. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
Table 10.
One-way analysis of variance for post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D) for future generations (Future Generations).
Table 11.
Comparison of post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D) for future generations (Future Generations).
Table 12.
One-way analysis of variance for post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D) for the respondents themselves (Yourself).
Table 13.
Comparison of post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D) for the respondents themselves (Yourself).
Fig 9.
Perception that the respondent has benefited from the actions of relatives belonging to older generations to realize industrialization after receiving one of the nudge message interventions.
Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 10.
Perception that the respondents’ younger relatives have benefited from industrialization after receiving one of the nudge message interventions.
Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
Table 14.
Correlation coefficients between post-intervention effect in attitude change (D) and perceptions of benefiting from the actions of previous generations.
Table 15.
Correlation coefficients between post-intervention effect in attitude change (D) and perceptions that younger relatives are benefiting from the actions of previous generations.
Fig 11.
Perception that the respondent is benefiting from family in everyday life.
Error bars show 95% confidence intervals.
Fig 12.
Post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D) by sex.
M, men; W, women. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Higher values on the vertical axis indicate lower perceived danger of air pollution.
Fig 13.
Post-intervention effect in attitude change toward air pollution (D) by age.
Y, respondents under the age of 50 years; O, respondents 50 years of age and older. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Higher values on the vertical axis indicate lower perceived danger of air pollution.
Table 16.
Coefficients from linear regression analysis using J-2020, C-2020, and U-2020.
Table 17.
Typical responses for CG.
Table 18.
Typical responses for T1.
Table 19.
Typical responses for T2.
Table 20.
Typical responses that mentioned COVID-19.