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Fig 1.

Schematic representation of the tractor-semitrailer model with the trailer steering system.

(a) Top view. (b) Side view. (c) Rear view.

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Fig 1 Expand

Fig 2.

Block diagram of the LQR controller.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Dynamic responses of the tractor-semitrailer under the SLC maneuver.

(a) Lateral acceleration. (b) Sideslip angle. (c) Yaw rate. (d) Roll angle.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Axle trajectories and the active steering angle under the SLC maneuver.

(a) Axle trajectories. (b) Active steering angle δ2m.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Dynamic responses of the tractor-semitrailer under the DLC maneuver at 80 km/h.

(a) Lateral acceleration. (b) Sideslip angle. (c) Yaw rate. (d) Roll angle.

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Fig 5 Expand

Fig 6.

Axle trajectories and the active steering angle under the DLC maneuver at 80 km/h.

(a) Axle trajectories. (b) Active steering angle δ2m.

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Fig 6 Expand

Fig 7.

Dynamic responses of the tractor-semitrailer under the DLC maneuver at 88 km/h.

(a) Lateral acceleration. (b) Sideslip angle. (c) Yaw rate. (d) Roll angle.

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Fig 7 Expand

Fig 8.

Axle trajectories and the active steering angle under the DLC maneuver at 88 km/h.

(a) Axle trajectories. (b) Active steering angle δ2m.

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Fig 8 Expand