Fig 1.
M. baccifera florets, visitors.
A-C. Three types of florets, A. Male florets, B. Female florets, C. Bisexual florets showing protogyny (displaying drying stigma and emerging anthers); D-H Insect visits, D. A. cerana indica, E. T. iridipennis, F. H. taprabonae, G. B. cupulifera, H. Mantis E. indica; I-J ants, I. C. biroi, J. O. smaragdina.
Fig 2.
Diagrammatic sketch of pollen collectors, bee predators and plant protectors in M. baccifera.
A. Part of inflorescence showing stamens, B. Bee visitation on stamens of a floret, 1–4 Pollen collectors, 1. A. cerana indica, 2. H. taprabonae, 3. B. cupulifera, 4. T. iridipennis; 5. Bee predator, Mantis E. indica; 6–7. Plant protectors, Ants, 6. O. smaragdina, 7. C. biroi.
Table 1.
Floral visitors, fruit and seedling predators in M. baccifera.
Fig 3.
M. baccifera fruits, predators.
A. Fruits, B-L fruit predators, B-D. Slugs and snails, B. M. dussumieri, C. C. bistrialis, D. Macrochlamys sp., E. Millipede S. colosseus, F-G Fruit borers, F. Larvae of A. grisella, G. Larvae of B. germanica, H-L Mammals, H. Bonnet macaque, M. radiata, I. Fruit bitten by rats R. rattus, J. Quill of porcupine H. indica, K. Seedlings spoilage by wild boars S. scrofa, L. Soil rooting by S. scrofa.
Fig 4.
Diagrammatic sketch displaying predation on M. baccifera fruits and their sugar profiles.
Predators: 1. Slug, M. dussumieri; 2–3. Snails, 2. C. bistrialis, 3. Macrochlamys sp.; 4. Millipede, S. colosseus; 5–6. Borer larvae, 5. A. grisella, 6. B. germanica; 7–12 Mammals, 7. Bonnet macaque, M. radiata, 8. Indian hare, L. nigricollis, 9. Wild boar, S. scrofa, 10. Rats, R. rattus, 11. Porcupine, H. indica, 12. Palm civet, P. hermaphroditus. Rabbits (L. nigricollis) and deers (A. axis) (not in figure) are primarily seedling predators and occasionally frugivorous (Table 1 and S10 Table in S1 File). *Infrequent visitors. Sugar pattern, predators: 1st week: fruit pericarp Glu 0.52%, Fru 0.51%, Suc 0.13%, (predators 1–4), (no fruit liquid in first week); 2nd week: fruit pericarp Glu 0.65%, Fru 0.83%, Suc 0.14%, fruit liquid Glu 0.16%, Fru 0.26%, Suc 0.00%, (predators 1–6); 3rd week: fruit pericarp Glu 0.35%, Fru 0.50%, Suc 0.08%, fruit liquid Glu 0.17%, Fru 0.10%, Suc 0.06% (predators 1–2, 4–9), 4th week: fruit pericarp Glu 0.51%, Fru 0.68%, Suc 0.14%, fruit liquid Glu 0.09%, Fru 0.09%, Suc 0.42% (predators 5–9), 5th week: fruit pericarp Glu 0.42%, Fru 0.60%, Suc 0.22%, fruit liquid Glu 0.08%, Fru 0.09%, Suc 0.48% (predators 5–11), 6th week: fruit pericarp Glu 0.10%, Fru 0.15%, Suc 0.31%, fruit liquid Glu 0.30%, Fru 0.42%, Suc 0.30% (predators 5–7, 9–12) (details of fruit sugar pattern in Govindan et al [9]).
Fig 5.
Slug/snail, borer and mammal predation patterns.
A. Slug/snail attack in clump 58 (161 hits) (details in S9 Table in S1 File), B. Borer attack in clump 58 (285 hits) (details in S11 Table in S1 File), C. Predator attack in clump 359 (3481 hits) (details in S10 Table in S1 File).
Fig 6.
M. baccifera clumps: 58, 359, 365, 394; A. TF—Total fruits; 1, % GF (Good fruits), 2, % IF (Immature fruits), 3, % PF (Predated fruits) in the full flowering period of the clump; B. TF—Total fruits; 1, % GF, 2, % IF, 3, % PF in April-July of the year in which the clump recorded highest fruit production in a single month; C. TF—Total fruits; 1, % GF, 2, % IF, 3, % PF in a single month of highest fruit production.
Fig 7.
M. baccifera clumps: 395, 403, 404, 405; A. TF—Total fruits; 1, % GF (Good fruits), 2, % IF (Immature fruits), 3, % PF (Predated fruits) in the full flowering period of the clump; B. TF—Total fruits; 1, % GF, 2, % IF, 3, % PF in April-July of the year in which the clump recorded highest fruit production in a single month; C. TF—Total fruits; 1, % GF, 2, % IF, 3, % PF in a single month of highest fruit production.