Table 1.
Demographic and baseline characteristics.
Fig 1.
Fundus photographs of patients with COVID-19 associated retinopathy.
(A) Fundus photo of peripapillary area and posterior pole shows cotton wool spots (yellow arrows) and linear nerve fiber layer hemorrhage (green arrow). (B) Fundus photo shows multiple cotton wool spots in peripapillary distribution (yellow arrows). (C) Fundus photo shows an approximately 750-micron nerve fiber layer hemorrhage in perivascular location (green arrow). (D) A fundus photo shows vascular tortuosity, attenuated arteries, and a large cotton wool spot inferior to the optic nerve (yellow arrow).
Fig 2.
Fundus photographs of a COVID-19 patient with subtle bilateral retinopathy.
(A) Fundus photo of the right eye (A) shows cotton wool spots and retinal hemorrhage (yellow inset). (B) A higher magnification view of the inset shows peri-arterial cotton wool spot (yellow arrow) and dot blot hemorrhage green. (C). Fundus photo of the left eye shows focal peri-arterial cotton wool spots (inset). (D) A higher magnification view of the cropped inset shows two cotton wool spots adjacent to retinal arteriole.
Fig 3.
Box-and-whisker plots compare factors associated with retinopathy.
(A) Median body mass index was greater in individuals with retinopathy than those without retinopathy (p = 0.04). (B) Peak D-dimers were numerically increased in COVID-19 retinopathy patients compared to those without retinopathy, but this comparison was not statistically significant (p = 0.48). (C) Median C-reactive protein exceeded normal values in both groups but were not significantly different when comparing patients with and without retinopathy (p = 0.81).
Table 2.
Laboratory findings and medications in COVID-19 subjects*.
Table 3.
Interventions in COVID-19 subjects with and without retinopathy.
Table 4.
Multivariable model results.