Fig 1.
Government policies to reduce the risk of dissemination of COVID-19.
Fig 2.
COVID-19 confirmed cases per million population in ASEAN countries [20].
Fig 3.
COVID-19 death cases per million population in ASEAN countries [20].
Table 1.
COVID—19 first case registered in ASEAN countries.
Fig 4.
Willing to accept COVID-19 vaccination in ASEAN countries.
Source: COVID-19 Beliefs, Behaviors & Norms Survey (2021).
Table 2.
Summary of vaccination statistics.
Fig 5.
Flowchart of the methodology.
Table 3.
Description of data series.
Table 4.
Descriptive statistics of data series.
Table 5.
Findings of augmented dickey fuller test.
Table 6.
Outcome of the ARDL bounds test analysis.
Table 7.
Findings of dynamic simulated ARDL model.
Table 8.
Findings of dynamic simulated ARDL model.
Fig 6.
(a). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Brunei. (b). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Cambodia. (c). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Indonesia. (d). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Laos. (e). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Malaysia. (f). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Myanmar. (g). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Philippines. (h). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Singapore. (i). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Thailand. (j). Recursive cusum plot & cusum of squares plot for Vietnam.