Fig 1.
A: For active positioning, four or more concentric hollow metal spacers were affixed to the skin surface near the target vertebral body; for point positioning, a waterproof marker was used to mark the skin at the centers of the spacers. B: CT examination was performed with the patient on a supine cushion. C1: The vertebral model was imported from the reconstruction software in STL format. C2: Simulation of the working channel. C3: The gasket and skin model was imported in STL format for the fabrication of the coplanar guide plate and positioning of holes. C4, 5: Guide plate design. D1: The guide plate was printed with environmentally friendly PLA material at a ratio of 1:1. D2: The guide plate used in surgery was sterilized at low temperature.
Fig 2.
Procedure flow for the 3D group.
Fig 3.
A: With the patient in a relaxed state, the skin was pressed against the guide and at least four holes in the guide were aligned with the skin markers. B: Guide plate to assist puncture and operation. C1: C-arm fluoroscopy was performed to determine the correct position of the puncture needle. C2–5: Puncture along the guide passage, with working tube placement and depth determination by fluoroscopy. D1, 2: Bone cement was inserted with fluoroscopic guidance. E1: The puncture needle was removed after the cement had solidified. E2: Skin glue was used to close the skin puncture site.
Fig 4.
Study flow chart.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
Table 2.
Surgery characteristics.
Table 3.
VAS pain and ODI scores.
Table 4.
Midline vertebral heights and Cobb angles.