Fig 1.
Primary study area with treated clusters in orange and untreated clusters in blue. Diamonds indicate HLC/HBO sentinel houses. The inset indicates the location of the study site in Sumba Island, Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. Map source: Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/).
Table 1.
Household survey results (total household n = 2910).
Fig 2.
Indoor (A) and outdoor (B) HLRs by cluster over the course of the night.
Though there were mosquitoes present throughout the night, there was high heterogeneity in mosquito landing rates between clusters. The solid green and red line indicate average HLRs indoors and outdoors.
Table 2.
Total collected Anopheles mosquitoes during HLCs per cluster (treated cluster: Shaded; untreated cluster: Unshaded).
Table 3.
Total number of collected female Anopheles mosquito species.
Fig 3.
a. Human behavior proportions from all clusters. ●: Indoor-ITN, ♦: Indoor, ▲: Outdoor-awake and ■: Outdoor-sleep. b. Average human behaviors. Average human behaviors spent in different categories over the course of a night. c. Average human behavior per treated and untreated clusters. d. Stacked bar graph of the proportions of human behavior overlaid with entomological indoor and outdoor landing rates.
Table 4.
HLC household characterization.
Fig 4.
4a. Human behavior adjusted temporal exposure and ITN protection over the night with proportional spatial exposure and ITN protection in the inset. ITNs reduce exposure by approximately 27%. 4b. Quantified temporal and spatial (inset) gaps in protection i.e. human behavior adjusted exposure alone, demonstrate that the majority of exposure (53%) occurs when people are indoor and not protected by ITNs.
Table 5.
Human exposure patterns to Anopheles bites.
Fig 5.
Overall behavior adjusted exposure.
Overall behavior adjusted exposure over the course of a night for treated, untreated and all clusters together. Treated clusters demonstrate less exposure overall with key differences seen during times when people are indoors and not under ITN protection, that consistent with expectations from a spatial repellent product.