Fig 1.
Graphical illustration of PRISMA 2020 guidelines in articles’ selection process.
Table 1.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies using a Modified version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.
Table 3.
Characteristics for 26 studies with Cardiovascular outcome.
Table 4.
Characteristics for 5 studies with cancer-related outcomes.
Fig 2.
Impact of greenspace or nature based interventions on CV health outcomes.
The first column represents articles, the second column represents geographical settings of studies, the third column represents specific interventions used in the studies, the fourth column represents the measures of CV health, while the fifth column represents the conclusion in terms of protective effects (Beneficial effect), or no significant results (Not significant). This graphical representation shows an overall trend in findings across all studies included. Acronyms: SBP1: Systolic blood pressure; DBP2: Diastolic blood pressure; BNP3: Brain natriuretic peptide; HRV4: Heart rate variability; RAS5: Renin-angiotensin system components; PNSA6: Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity; SNSA7: Sympathetic Nervous System Activity; hsCRP8: High sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF- α9: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; HR10: Heart rate; MDA11: Malondialdehyde; RAGE12: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; iNOS13: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP-114: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; ET-115: Endothelin-1; PP16: Pulse pressure; AdipoQ17: Adiponectin; Hcy18: Homocysteine; NADPH19: NADPH oxidase p47; HDL20: High-density lipoprotein; LDL21, and Low-density lipoprotein.
Fig 3.
The impact of greenspace or nature based interventions on cancer-related outcomes.
The first column represents articles, the second column represents geographical settings of studies, the third column represents specific interventions used in the studies, the fourth column represents the measures of cancer-related outcomes, while the fifth column represents the conclusion in terms of protective effects (beneficial effect), no significant results (not significant) or control groups had better outcomes than experimental groups (significant in controls).This graphical representation shows an overall trend in findings across studies. Acronyms: PA1: Physical activity; NK2: Natural killer cells; QoL3: Quality of life; and IL-64: Interleukin-6.
Fig 4.
Forest bathing intervention effects on both CV health and cancer-related outcomes: Trends of associations among all statistical tests conducted.
The first column represents outcome measures while the second column represents summary conclusions in terms of protective effects (beneficial effect) or no significant results (not significant). Acronyms: SBP1: Systolic blood pressure; DBP2: Diastolic blood pressure; BNP3: Brain natriuretic peptide; HRV4: Heart rate variability; RAS5: Renin-angiotensin system components; PNSA6: Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity; SNSA7: Sympathetic Nervous System Activity; hsCRP8: High sensitivity C-reactive protein, TNF- α9: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; and NK10: Natural killer cells.
Fig 5.
Green exercise intervention effects on CV health outcomes: Trends of associations among all statistical tests conducted.
The first column represents outcome measures while the second column represents summary conclusions in terms of protective effects (beneficial effect) or no significant results (not significant). Acronyms: SBP1: Systolic blood pressure and DBP2: Diastolic blood pressure.
Fig 6.
Vegetable gardening intervention effects on outcomes related to CV health and cancer: Trends of associations among all statistical tests conducted.
The first column represents outcome measures while the second column represents summary conclusions in terms of protective effects (beneficial effect), no significant results (not significant) or control groups had better outcomes than experimental groups (significant in controls). Acronyms: PA1: Physical activity; QoL2: Quality of life; PNSA3: Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity; SNSA4: Sympathetic Nervous System Activity; SBP5: Systolic blood pressure; DBP6: Diastolic blood pressure; HDL7: High-density lipoprotein; LDL8: Low-density lipoprotein; TNF- α9: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; RAGE10: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; iNOS11: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP-112: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and IL-613: Interleukin-6.
Fig 7.
Nature viewing intervention effects on CV health outcomes: Trends of associations among all statistical tests conducted.
The first column represents outcome measures while the second column represents summary conclusions in terms of protective effects (beneficial effect) or no significant results (not significant). Acronyms: PNSA1: Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity; SNSA2: Sympathetic Nervous System Activity; SBP3: Systolic blood pressure and DBP4: Diastolic blood pressure.