Fig 1.
FT-IR spectrum of Crown ether, Aldehyde, and Ketone.
Fig 2.
FESEM images of (a) MC before adsorption of dye (magnification: 25 kx, 2 μm), (b) MC after adsorption of BG (magnification: 25 kx, 2 μm), (c) MC after adsorption of MG (magnification: 25 kx, 2 μm), and (d) MC after adsorption of SA (magnification: 25 kx, 500 nm).
Fig 3.
EDX of MC (a), MC after adsorption of BG (b), MC after adsorption of MG (c), and MC after adsorption of SA (d).
Fig 4.
Demonstrates the X-ray diffraction spectra for MC (black line), MC after adsorption of BG (red line), MC after adsorption of MG (blue line), and MC after adsorption of SA (green line).
Fig 5.
Adsorption time impact of BG, MG, and SA removal onto MC.
Table 1.
Kinetic characteristics for the adsorption of BG, MG, and SA.
Fig 6.
Effect of pH on removal percentage of BG, MG, and SA onto adsorbent.
Fig 7.
Effect of concentration on adsorption of BG, MG, and SA onto adsorbent.
Fig 8.
Effect of adsorbent dose on dye removal.
Fig 9.
Effect temperature on dye removal percent.
Table 2.
Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of BG, MG, and SA dye molecules onto the adsorbent.
Table 3.
The parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich and Temkin models for dye adsorption onto adsorbent.
Fig 10.
Reusability of adsorbent for dyes removal percent.
Table 4.
Comparison of BG, MG, and SA adsorbent in different adsorbent materials.