Fig 1.
Native distribution of a) Cedrus libani, b) Picea abies and c) Pinus sylvestris. The study site is indicated by a black dot. The distribution maps are based on shape files from [31].
Fig 2.
Climate diagram of Bayreuth, Germany, Central Europe, with mean monthly air temperature (black line, C) and monthly precipitation sums (grey bars, mm) for 1980 - 2019 [38].
Mean temperature (top left) and annual precipitation sum (top right) are given.
Table 1.
Climate variables and indices related to heat, water supply, and cold and the time scales (monthly, vegetation period or previous winter) considered for subsequent analysis.
Fig 3.
Mean radial growth chronologies (RGCs) of C. libani (blue), P. abies (red) and P. sylvestris (yellow).
Table 2.
Mean DBH (and standard deviation; cm), height (m) and radial growth (mm a-1) of C. libani, P. abies and P. sylvestris.
Fig 4.
Growth index chronologies (GICs) of C. libani (blue), P. abies (red) and P. sylvestris (yellow).
Table 3.
Significant (p < 0.05) bootstrapped Pearson’s correlation coefficients (R) for climate-growth-correlations between climate variables and growth index chronologies of the different species for the vegetation period (VP, Apr.-Sep) and single months.
Months of the previous year are written in lower case letters and months of the current year in capital letters. Background colours indicate heat-related (red), water supply-related (blue) and cold-related (yellow) climate variables.
Fig 5.
Response indices resistance (Rs), recovery (Rc) and resilience (Rl) for C. libani (blue), P. abies (red) and P. sylvestris (yellow) based on radial growth in the year before, during, and after the climatic stress event in 2003/2012/2015/2018 (left) and based on average radial growth in the two years before/after and in the year of the climatic stress event in 2003/2012/2015 (right). Significant differences across species are indicated by capital letters (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test with p < 0.001 and df = 3 and Dunn’s multiple comparison test with Holm-Šidák adjusted p-values < 0.05).
Fig 6.
Average response indices resistance (Rs), recovery (Rc) and resilience (Rl) for C. libani (blue), P. abies (red), and P. sylvestris (yellow) (a) based on radial growth in the year before, during, and after a climatic stress event and (b) based on average radial growth in the two years before/after and in the year of a climatic stress event. Average response indices were calculated as the median of those for (a) the SEs 2003, 2012, 2015 and 2018 and (b) the SEs 2003, 2012 and 2015. Significant differences across species are indicated by capital letters (Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test with p < 0.001 and df = 3 and Dunn’s multiple comparison test with Holm-Šidák adjusted p-values < 0.05).
Table 4.
Response indices based on radial growth in the year before, during, and after the climatic stress event (black) and based on average radial growth in the two years before/after and in the year of the climatic stress event (grey), as well as average response index-values (calculated as the median) for each species.