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Table 1.

Criteria for the eligibility of papers included in the systematic review.

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Fig 1.

PRISMA flow diagram of study selection.

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Table 2.

Methodological quality of included studies assessed using Downs and Black scale [19].

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Table 3.

Details of gait modification programs of included studies.

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Table 4.

Effects of gait modification strategies on indicators of medial knee joint load.

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Fig 2.

A. Effects of trunk lean on KAM1, B. KAM impulse. (TL: Trunk lean, KAM1: early stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KAM impulse: external knee adduction moment impulse).

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Fig 3.

A. Effects of toe-out on KAM1, B. KAM impulse, C. KAM2, D. KFM1 (TO: Toe-out; KAM1: early stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KAM impulse: external knee adduction moment impulse, KAM2: late stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KFM1: early stance phase peak external knee flexion moment).

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Fig 4.

A. Effects of toe-in on KAM1, B. KAM2, C. KFM1 (TI: Toe-in, KAM1: early stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KAM2: late stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KFM1: early stance phase peak external knee flexion moment).

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Table 5.

Effects of gait modifications on the kinematics of the knee joint.

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Table 5 Expand

Table 6.

The quality of evidence on indicators of medial knee joint load assessed according to the GRADE approach.

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