Table 1.
Criteria for the eligibility of papers included in the systematic review.
Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram of study selection.
Table 2.
Methodological quality of included studies assessed using Downs and Black scale [19].
Table 3.
Details of gait modification programs of included studies.
Table 4.
Effects of gait modification strategies on indicators of medial knee joint load.
Fig 2.
A. Effects of trunk lean on KAM1, B. KAM impulse. (TL: Trunk lean, KAM1: early stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KAM impulse: external knee adduction moment impulse).
Fig 3.
A. Effects of toe-out on KAM1, B. KAM impulse, C. KAM2, D. KFM1 (TO: Toe-out; KAM1: early stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KAM impulse: external knee adduction moment impulse, KAM2: late stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KFM1: early stance phase peak external knee flexion moment).
Fig 4.
A. Effects of toe-in on KAM1, B. KAM2, C. KFM1 (TI: Toe-in, KAM1: early stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KAM2: late stance phase peak external knee adduction moment, KFM1: early stance phase peak external knee flexion moment).
Table 5.
Effects of gait modifications on the kinematics of the knee joint.
Table 6.
The quality of evidence on indicators of medial knee joint load assessed according to the GRADE approach.