Table 1.
PCR primer sequences of genes used in this study.
Fig 1.
(A) Monosaccharide composition of standard sample; peaks 1–10: fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, fructose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid. (B) Monosaccharide composition of C. cicadae extract crude polysaccharides; peaks 1–3: galactose, glucose, mannose.
Table 2.
Average molecular weights of three C. cicadae extract crude polysaccharide fractions.
Fig 2.
Chromatograph profile of C. cicadae extract alditols and saccharides.
Fig 3.
Chromatography profile of nucleoside standards (black signal) and C. cicadae extract (CCE; blue signal); peaks 1–12: Cytosine, uracil, cytidine, hypoxanthine, uridine, thymine, adenine, inosine, guanosine, thymidine, adenosine, cordycepin.
Fig 4.
Antioxidant activities of C. cicadae extract estimated by different methods.
(A) ABTS [2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulphonic acid)] radical scavenging; (B) DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay; (C) ferric reducing antioxidant power assay.
Fig 5.
Human skin fibroblasts were cultured with C. cicadae extract (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 μg/mL) for 24 h, and cell viability was measured by MTT assay (n = 3), * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared with the control group.
Fig 6.
The content of hyaluronan of fibroblasts in the CCE 50, 100 μg/mL treated and non-treatment group.
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared with the control group.
Fig 7.
Immunofluorescence staining of fibroblast nuclei (blue) and hyaluronan (green) at 10× magnification.
Fibroblasts were non-treated (A), treated with C. cicadae extract at concentrations of 50 μg/mL (B) and 100 μg/mL (C), treated without the antibody 488 as negative control (D).
Fig 8.
Gene ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes between C. cicadae extract-treated (50 μg/mL) and non-treated fibroblasts.
Fig 9.
Distribution of enriched KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways of differentially expressed genes between C. cicadae extract-treated (50 μg/mL) and non-treated fibroblasts.
Table 3.
Differentially expressed genes related to hyaluronan synthesis between C. cicadae extract-treated and non-treated fibroblasts.
Fig 10.
RT-qPCR expression levels of five hyaluronan-related genes in C. cicadae extract (CCE)-treated and non-treated (NT) fibroblasts, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 compared with the control group.