Fig 1.
Graphical diagnostics for parallel trends assumption using both observed means and difference-in-difference estimatesa.
a See the text for a description of the difference-in-difference estimated model. Retail sales data were obtained from Information Resources, Inc. (IRI) for convenience stores, gas stations, grocery stores, drugstores/pharmacies, mass merchandiser outlets, club stores, dollar stores, and military sales. Unit sales were standardized by one pack of 20 cigarettes. The list of border states included New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, and Rhode Island. The list of non-border states included the following 28 states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Each bar in the figure represents a 4-week sum of cigarette sales, averaged across products and across states within each state group.
Table 1.
Means of state characteristics for border and non-border states during January 2020-May 2020 (before Massachusetts law prohibiting flavored tobacco products sales).
Fig 2.
Sales of cigarette packs,a by flavor, in border versus non-border states,b January 2020-December 2021c.
aRetail sales data were obtained from Information Resources, Inc. (IRI) for convenience stores, gas stations, grocery stores, drugstores/pharmacies, mass merchandiser outlets, club stores, dollar stores, and military sales. Unit sales were standardized by one pack of 20 cigarettes. b The list of border states included New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, and Rhode Island. The list of non-border states included the following 28 states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. c Each bar in the figure represents a 4-week sum of cigarette sales, averaged across products and across states within each state group.
Table 2.
Cigarette salesa of border versus non-border states, before and after Massachusetts law prohibiting flavored tobacco products sales.