Fig 1.
Alternate explanations for the association between COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and mood disorders.
Fig 1a presents a general stressor model, where pandemic-related environmental stressors lead to stress, which in turn leads to a change in symptom severity. Fig 1b presents a diathesis-stress model, where pandemic-related stress is predicted by both current levels of symptom severity and pandemic-related environmental stressors.
Fig 2.
Daily confirmed deaths of COVID-19 between March 20, 2020 and May 20, 2020.
Figure retrieved on September 26, 2021 from OurWorldInData.org/coronavirus, which visualized data reported by the European Center for Disease Control. The red rectangle indicates the dates in which the third assessment took place, between April 15 and April 20.
Fig 3.
a and b. Structural equation model where COVID-19 loneliness/stress predicts depression/anxiety beyond baseline. *** p < .001, * p ≤ .05, † p < .10. T2 –Data collection at Time 2, April 15–22, 2019. T3 –Data collection at Time 3, April 15–20, 2020. The above models were bad fits for the data (e.g., CFI = .000) and were therefore rejected.
Fig 4.
a and b. Structural equation model where COVID-19 depression/anxiety predicts COVID-19 loneliness/stress. *** p < .001, * p ≤ .05, † p < .10. T2 –Data collection at Time 2, April 15–22, 2019. T3 –Data collection at Time 3, April 15–20, 2020. The above models were excellent fits for the data (e.g., CFI = 1.00) and were therefore retained.
Table 1.
Stressors related to COVID-19 and cross-sectional correlation with depression and anxiety.
Table 2.
Equivalence testing of clinical measures and clinically relevant traits.
Table 3.
Summary of model fit statistics for the alternative path models.