Fig 1.
Proximate and underlying determinants of HIV infection.
Socio-demographic characteristics influence HIV infection status via proximate factors (sexual risk behaviours) which in turn modify the biological risk of HIV infection. For instance, the number of sexual partners, non-regular partners, concurrent partners, transactional sex and age of sexual debut influence the probability of exposure of susceptible to infected individuals, while condom use, concomitant STIs and medical circumcision affect the efficiency of transmission per sexual contact. * Alcohol use is considered as a background factor as it is believed that its impact on HIV infection is mediated by sexual risk behaviours.
Fig 2.
Breakdown of weighted HIV seroprevalence across socio-demographic characteristics.
Error bars represent 95% CI.
Fig 3.
Comparison of HIV prevalence between 2012–2013 and 2018–2019 in overlapping age-groups and study sites.
Error bars represent 95% CI. Asterisks (*) indicate differences that are statistically significant at the level of p<0.05.
Table 1.
Age-adjusted and multivariate models of socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with HIV prevalence in males (N = 3886).
Table 2.
Age-adjusted and multivariate models of socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with HIV prevalence in females (N = 5453).
Fig 4.
Breakdown of ART coverage by site-type and sex.
ART coverage is shown among participants who tested positive in our study, regardless of HIV status awareness or previous diagnosis. Error bars represent 95% CI. Asterisks (*) indicate differences that are statistically significant at the level of p<0.05.