Fig 1.
Study flow chart.
Fig 2.
Network plots for included studies.
There were just two published studies that included the M1 and M2 groups. Five studies included the M0 and M1 groups, and 12 studies included the M0 and M2 groups. M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.
Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.
Fig 3.
(A) Recurrence rate in the M0 group, (B) recurrence rate in the M1 group, and (C) recurrence rate in the M2 group.
Fig 4.
The risk of bias for each item is presented as a percentage across all included studies.
Fig 5.
+, no bias;–, bias;?, bias unknown.
Table 2.
MINORS score in nonrandomized studies included in the review.
Fig 6.
Pairwise meta-analysis of (A) M1 and M2 groups, (B) M0 and M1 groups, and (C) M0 and M2 groups.
The recurrence rate in the M1 group was slightly higher than that in the M2 group (P = 0.328; OR 1.161, 95% CI 0.861–1.564). The recurrence rate in the M0 group was higher than that in the M1 (P = 0.013; OR 2.877, 95% CI 1.246–6.643) and M2 groups (P < 0.001; OR 1.958, 95% CI 1.618–2.369). M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.
Fig 7.
L’Abbe plots of recurrence rate.
(A) Between the M1 and M2 groups, (B) between the M0 and M1 groups, and (C) between the M0 and M2 groups. M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.
Fig 8.
Radial plots of recurrence rate.
(A) Between the M1 and M2 groups, (B) between the M0 and M1 groups, and (C) between the M0 and M2 groups. M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.
Fig 9.
Node-split forest plot using MCMC modeling.
M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.
Fig 10.
The rank-probability test using MCMC modeling.
M0, induction BCG therapy only; M1, 1-year BCG maintenance therapy; M2, BCG maintenance therapy for more than 1 year.