Fig 1.
Global positioning system (GPS) tracks.
Thirteen wild gaurs in Khao Phaeng Ma (KPM) Non-Hunting Area, Thailand, 2021. (a) The gaur population group in KPM is divided into six subpopulations (Groups 1–6): a blue circle represents the groups dwelling in KPM, and a yellow circle represents the groups living outside the protected area; “xxxG” indicates the number of gaurs in each herd, (b) The overall home range area of male gaurs (Group 1 and Group 2), and their area of overlap in protected areas and agricultural areas.
Fig 2.
Haplotype network derived from nucleotide data for mitochondrial D-loop sequencing of wild bull (Bos gaurus, Smith, 1827) for 13 individuals.
Different colors distinguish the samples. Each circle represents a unique DNA sequence (haplotype), with the circle diameter reflecting the total number of individuals possessing the haplotype.
Fig 3.
Coalescent Bayesian Skyline analysis output.
The black line represents the median estimated effective population size, while blue areas represent the upper and lower bounds of the 95% higher posterior density interval. The x-axis is time and the y-axis is a log scale.
Fig 4.
Simulation results showing the relationship between generations and genetic diversity.