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Fig 1.

The frame diagram of TCEA.

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Table 1.

Comparison between the results obtained by TCEA and the real objective values in the case of 5 dimensions.

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Table 1 Expand

Table 2.

Comparison between the results obtained by TCEA and the real objective values in the case of 10 dimensions.

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Table 2 Expand

Table 3.

Comparison between the results obtained by TCEA and the real objective values in the case of 20 dimensions.

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Table 3 Expand

Table 4.

Success rates of QBCA-2, BLCMAES, BLEAQ-2 and TCEA on 5, 10 and 20-dimensional test problems.

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Table 4 Expand

Table 5.

UL and LL accuracy statistics from 31 independent runs by QBCA2, BLCMAES, BLEAQ-2 and TCEA on 5-dimensional test problems.

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Table 5 Expand

Table 6.

UL and LL accuracy statistics from 31 independent runs by QBCA2, BLCMAES, BLEAQ-2 and TCEA on 10-dimensional test problems.

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Table 6 Expand

Table 7.

UL and LL accuracy statistics from 31 independent runs by TCEA on 20-dimensional test problems.

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Table 7 Expand

Fig 2.

Histogram of the median values on 5-dimensional problems.

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Fig 2 Expand

Fig 3.

Histogram of the Std values on 5-dimensional problems.

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Fig 3 Expand

Fig 4.

Histogram of the median values on 10-dimensional problems.

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Fig 4 Expand

Fig 5.

Histogram of the Std values on 10-dimensional problems.

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Fig 5 Expand

Table 8.

Comparison of CUP time on 5, 10 and 20-dimensional test problems.

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Table 8 Expand