Table 1.
Summary of number of specimens.
Fig 1.
Anthinus multicolor, shell and some anatomical structures, sample MZSP 152925.
(A-C) shell of specimen #2 (L 30.2 mm), frontal, right and dorsal views. (D) same, detail of apex, apical-slightly dorsal views. (E) same, protoconch and part of first teleoconch whorl in profile. (F) penis, inner surface, detail of middle and distal thirds showing papillae. (G) jaw, ventral view. (H) same, anterior view. Scales = 1 mm.
Fig 2.
(A) pallial cavity, partially uncoiled visceral mass and digestive system, mostly ventral view, inner lip of pneumostome sectioned and deflected upwards. (B) head-foot, dorsal view, most of dorsal integument and inner organs removed, main concern to retractile/columelar musculature, some right-anterior structures sectioned. (C) genital system, mostly dorsal view. Scales = 3 mm.
Fig 3.
Anthinus multicolor, radula in SEM, MZSP 152925.
(A) wide view, scale = 200 μm; (B) detail of central region, scale = 50 μm; (C) same, higher magnification, scale = 30 μm. White arrows indicating rachidian column.
Fig 4.
(A) anterior half of genital tubes, opened longitudinally. (B) carrefour region of genitalia and posterior region of spermoviduct, albumen gland seen as transparent. (C) penis, ventral view. (D) same, opened longitudinally showing inner surface. (E) spermoviduct, transverse section in its middle region. Scales = 1 mm.
Fig 5.
Anthinus synchondrus, shell of types and some anatomical photos.
(A-F) holotype MZSP 152074 shell (L 36.9 mm). (A) frontal view. (B) right view. (C) dorsal view. (D) anterior-slightly ventral view. (E) apical view (W 19.7 mm). (F) frontal view after extraction of specimen by an artificial hole. (G-H) paratype MZSP 152236, (L 40.8 mm), frontal and dorsal views. (I-J) 2 paratypes MZSP 152252 shell, frontal views (L 36.4, 36.2 mm). (K) holotype, detail of protoconch and part of first teleoconch whorl, profile. (L) same, detail of apical region. (M) jaw of holotype in situ, ventral view. (N) detail of right-anterior corner of pallial roof of holotype, ventral view, distal portion of rectum sectioned longitudinally. Scales = 1 mm.
Fig 6.
Anthinus synchondrus, anatomy.
(A) pallial cavity roof, ventral view, pneumostome ventral lip sectioned and deflected upwards, portion of pallial floor also shown. (B) stomach opened longitudinally, ventral view. (C) digestive tubes mostly as in situ, ventral view, topology of some adjacent structures also shown. (D), odontophore, dorsal view, superficial layer of muscles and structures removed, left muscles deflected, radula deflected to left. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 7.
Anthinus synchondrus, radula in SEM, holotype MZSP 152074.
(A) wider view, scale = 200 μm; (B) detail of central region, scale = 200 μm; (C) same, higher magnification, scale = 50 μm. White arrows indicating rachidian column.
Fig 8.
Anthinus synchondrus, anatomy.
(A) foregut opened longitudinally, ventral view, odontophore deflected to right. (B) genital system, mostly dorsal view. (C) same, detail of carrefour, ventral view, seen if albumen gland was transparent. (D) genital system, anterior end opened longitudinally, penis only partially shown. (E) penis and epiphallus opened longitudinally. (F) spermoviduct, transverse section in its middle level. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 9.
Anthinus vailanti, shells and jaw.
(A-E) holotype MZSP 152891 (L 29.0 mm). (A) frontal view. (B) right view. (C) dorsal view. (D) detail of apex, right-slightly apical view. (E) protoconch and adjacent teleoconch whorl, right-slightly apical view. (F-G) paratype MZSP 152188 (L 27.9 mm) frontal and dorsal views. (H-J) paratype MZSP 152244 (L 29.5). (H) frontal view. (I) dorsal view. (J) anterior-slightly left view showing umbilicus. (K) holotype’s jaw plate, ventral view. (L) same, anterior view. Scales = 0.5 mm.
Fig 10.
(A) odontophore, dorsal view, superficial layer of muscles and structures removed, most muscles deflected, radular ribbon deflected to left. (B) middle region of genital system isolated, only topology of albumen gland shown. (C) genital system, mostly ventral view. (D) spermoviduct, transverse section in its middle level. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 11.
Anthinus vailanti, radulae in SEM, Paratypes MZSP 152118, 2 specimens.
(A) wider vision, scale = 200 μm; (B) detail of central region, scale = 50 μm; (C) wide left view, scale = 100 μm; (D) wide view of another specimen, scale = 200 μm; (E) detail of central region, scale = 50 μm; (F) wide left view, scale = 200 μm. White arrows indicating rachidian column.
Fig 12.
(A) genital system, detail of anterior region opened longitudinally, penis and other adjacent structures only partially shown. (B) penis and epiphallus opened longitudinally. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 13.
Anthinus morenus, shell of some types and anatomy.
(A-H) Holotype MZSP 152891 (L 35.8 mm). (A) Frontal view. (B) Right view. (C) Dorsal view. (D) Anterior view (W 21.0 mm). (E) Apical view. (F) Detail of protoconch and fist teleoconch whorl, profile. (G) Same, higher magnification. (H) Same, detail of apex. (I-L) Paratype MZSP 152047#1. (I) Jaw, in situ, ventral view. (J) Shell, frontal view (L 34.8 mm). (K) Shell, dorsal view. (L) Pallial cavity, ventral view, dorsal part of mantle edge and deflected to right, part of mantle floor also shown. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 14.
(A) Head-foot, head, digestive and genital structures removed, dorsal integument removed, main concern to main head-foot musculature. (B) Odontophore, dorsal view, superficial layer of muscles and structures removed, most muscles deflected. (C) Penis, sectioned longitudinally to show inner surface. (D) Genital system, mostly ventral view. (E) Middle region of genital system isolated, only topology of albumen gland shown. (F) Spermoviduct, transverse section in its middle level. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 15.
Anthinus morenus, Radula in SEM, paratype MZSP 152047.
(A) wide view, scale = 200 μm; (B) detail of central region, scale = 200 μm; (C) detail of damaged region, with teeth in profile, scale = 50 μm; (D) detail of right region, scale = 50 μm; (E) wide view, scale = 500 μm; (F) detail of left region, scale = 200 μm. White arrows indicating rachidian column.
Fig 16.
Anthinus savanicus, shell of types and anatomical details.
(A-H) holotype MZSP 154391 (L 32.5 mm). (A) shell, frontal view. (B) right view. (C) dorsal view. (D), apical view. (E) inferior (umbilical) view. (F) protoconch and part of first teleoconch, profile, scale = 2 mm. (G) jaw, ventral view (L 1.7 mm). (H) almost entire specimen, mostly dorsal view, pallial cavity removed and deflected right (ventral view), head-foot deflected below, visceral mass slightly uncoiled, scale = 5 mm. (I-J) paratype MZSP 153897 (L 31.5 mm), frontal and dorsal views. (K) paratype MZSP 152171 (L 35.3 mm), frontal view.
Fig 17.
Anthinus savanicus, anatomical drawings.
(A) midgut as in situ, ventral view, some adjacent structures or their topology also shown, stomach and esophagus opened longitudinally. (B) odontophore, dorsal view, outer layer of structures removed, pair of odontophore cartilages deflected, both m4 and left m5 (right in Fig) also deflected. (C) genital structures, mostly ventral view, most vas deferens (dv) detached. (D) spermoviduct, transverse section of its middle level. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 18.
Anthinus savanicus, radulae in SEM.
(A) holotype MZSP 154391. Detail of central region, scale = 50 μm; (B) same, detail of column in profile, scale = 50 μm; (C) same, detail of right region, scale = 200 μm; (D) paratype MZSP 153897, detail of right region, scale = 50 μm; (E) same, central region, scale = 100 μm. White arrows indicating rachidian column.
Fig 19.
Anthinus savanicus, anatomy, genital system.
(A) carrefour region, ventral view, seen if albumen gland (ag) was transparent, spermoviduct (eo) transversely sectioned in its posterior region; (B) anterior end, ventral view, entirely opened longitudinally, portions of adjacent structures also shown. (C) penis, ventral view, entirely opened longitudinally, portions of adjacent structures also shown. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 20.
Catracca uhlei, shells and jaw.
(A-C) Holotype MZSP 151900 (L 44.2 mm). (A) Frontal view. (B) right view. (C) dorsal view. (D) Paratype MZSP 151901#1 (L 42.8 mm), frontal view; (E) holotype protoconch in profile, scale = 3 mm. (F) paratype 151893, shell of one of dissected specimens, frontal view (L 47.1 mm). (G) Paratype MZSP 151901#2 (L 43.0 mm). (H) Paratype MZSP 151871, young specimen, detail of apex, profile-slightly apical view, scale = 2 mm. (I) Same, apical view, scale = 2 mm. (J) Jaw plate, ventral view (slightly broken in left end, right in Fig), scale = 1 mm.
Fig 21.
(A) Pallial cavity roof, ventral view, pneumostome ventral lip sectioned and deflected upwards. (B) Head-foot, head, digestive and genital structures removed, anterior integument sectioned and deflected to left (right in Fig), main concern to main head-foot musculature. (C) Fore- and midgut, mostly ventral view, shown as in situ, topology of some adjacent structures also shown. (D) Stomach, ventral view, mostly sectioned longitudinally to show inner surface. (E) Buccal mass, left view. Scales = 5 mm.
Fig 22.
Catracca uhlei, radula in SEM, holotype MZSP 151893.
(A) wide view, scale = 300 μm; (B) detail of central region, scale = 100 μm; (C) detail of lateral region, scale = 100 μm; (D) detail of central region, scale = 50 μm; (E) same, higher magnification, scale = 30 μm; (F) same, higher magnification, scale = 10 μm. White arrows indicating rachidian column.
Fig 23.
(A) Odontophore, dorsal view, superficial layer of muscles and structures removed, left muscles deflected. (B) Buccal mass, ventral view, sectioned longitudinally, odontophore deflected to left. (C) Genital system, mostly ventral view. (D) Middle region of genital system isolated. (E) Spermoviduct, transverse section in its middle level. (F) Anterior region of genital system, ventral view, female portion sectioned longitudinally to show inner surface. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 24.
(A) Penis, dorsal view. (B) Same, sectioned longitudinally to show inner surface. (C) Nerve ring, dorsal view. Scales = 2 mm.
Fig 25.
Gallery of shells of all Anthinus species, frontal and dorsal views.
(A). A. albolabiatus, MZSP 7958 (L 50 mm). (B) A. miersi, MZSP 7963 (L 53 mm). (C) A. multicolor, MZSP 29620 (L 26 mm). (D) A. turnix, holotype USNM 712805 (L 50 mm). (E) A. synchondrus holotype MZSP 152074 (L 36.9 mm); (F) A. vailanti holotype MZSP 152891 (L 29.0 mm). (G) A. morenus holotype MZSP 152891 (L 35.8 mm). (H) A. savanicus holotype MZSP 154391 (L 32.5 mm). (I) Catracca uhlei holotype MZSP 151900 (L 44.2 mm). A to D extracted from Simone (2006).
Fig 26.
Gallery of shells of all Anthinus species in same scale, frontal views.
(A). A. albolabiatus, MZSP 7958. (B) A. miersi, MZSP 7963. (C) A. multicolor, MZSP 29620. (D) A. turnix, holotype USNM 712805. (E) A. synchondrus holotype MZSP 152074. (F) A. vailanti holotype MZSP 152891. (G) A. morenus holotype MZSP 152891. (H) A. savanicus holotype MZSP 154391. (I) Catracca uhlei holotype MZSP. A to D extracted from Simone (2006). Scale = 10 mm.
Table 2.
Summary of main conchological differences among the species studied in this paper (all measures are approximations of average measures, see Table 1).
Table 3.
Summary of main anatomic differences among the species studied in this paper (all measures are approximations of average measures, see Table 1).
Fig 27.
Single cladogram obtained analyzing the matrix (Appendix 2) of the species assembly reported in Material and Methods (written black), plus the species studied herein (written brown). Both branches below are far outgroups, a bulimulid (Leiostracus) and a simpulopsid (Rhinus). Branch 15 as close outgroups, two African dorcasiids. Each branch with synapomorphies shown. Each symbol as in the box; above number the character, below number the state. Branch numbers for discussion in blue italics. Method: parsimony; L = 283; CI = 68; RI = 89.
Fig 28.
Self-produced Brazil map with states outlined and type localities of each Anthinus (A.) and Catracca shown.
New localities in dark blue. Previous localities in light blue. States abbreviations: GO: Goiás; MG: Minas Gerais; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; RS: Rio Grande do Sul.