Fig 1.
Occurrence records of Amphidromus cruentatus examined in this study.
No. 1: Samphanh, Phongsali, Laos; 2: Ban Phone, La-Marm, Sekong, Laos; 3: Ban Xai Na Pho, Phatumphone, Champasak, Laos; 4: Chu Prong, Gia Lai, Vietnam; 5: Binh Dinh, Vietnam, type locality of A. eudeli; 6: Thakhek, Khammouane, Laos, type locality of A. thakhekensis; 7: Naoh, Boloven Plateau, Attapeu, Laos, type locality of A. gerberi bolovenensis; 8: Salavan, Laos, type locality of A. goldbergi; 9: Luang Namtha, Laos, type locality of A. pengzhuoani; 10: Northwestern District, Khánh Hòa, Vietnam, type locality of A. pankowskiae. Orange shaded area indicates Boloven Plateau, type locality of A. fuscolabris. The type localities of A. cruentatus and A. eichhorsti (Cambodia and North Laos, respectively) are general and not indicated in the figure. The map was produced using QGIS (3.16.0) with SRTM Downloader plugin (https://github.com/hdus/SRTM-Downloader), retrieving SRTM data from NASA Earth Data server (https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov/).
Fig 2.
Type specimens of Amphidromus cruentatus.
A. Holotype of Bulimus cruentatus, NHMUK 1893.2.4.163; B. Holotype of A. zebrinus fuscolabris, SMF 7641; C. Syntype of A. eudeli, RBINS 617427; D. Holotype of A. thakhekensis, MNHN-IM-2000-33216; E. Holotype of A. gerberi bolovenensis, MNHN-IM-2000-34074; F. Holotype of A. goldbergi, MNHN-IM-2000-34073; G. Holotype of A. pengzhuoani, NHMUK. 20180243; H. Holotype of A. eichhorsti, MNHN-IM-2000-35554; and I. Holotype of A. pankowskiae, MNHN-IM-2000-35543. Credit: V. Héros, P. Maestrati (D–F, H, I).
Fig 3.
Specimens of Amphidromus cruentatus.
A–C. Stripeless morph and D–F. striped morph from Samphanh, Phongsali, Laos; G–I. Striped morph from Chu Prong, Gia Lai, Vietnam.
Fig 4.
Specimens of Amphidromus cruentatus and type specimens of other nominal Amphidromus species.
A–F. Specimens of A. cruentatus; A, B. Stripeless morph and C, D. striped morph from Ban Phone, La-Marm, Sekong, Laos; E. Stripeless morph and F. striped morph from Ban Xai Na Pho, Phatumphone, Champasak, Laos; G. Holotype of A. daoae, RMNH.5004201; H. Holotype of A. yangbayensis, MNHN-IM-2000-32435; I. Holotype of A. yenlinhae, MNHN-IM-2000-33230; J. Holotype of Amphidromus stungtrengensis, MNHN-IM-2000-34084; and K. Holotype of A. anhdaoorum, MNHN-IM-2000-33232. Credit: J. Goud (G), V. Héros, P. Maestrati (H–K).
Table 1.
List of Amphidromus specimens used in morphometric analyses.
Fig 5.
Shell dimensions of Amphidromus used in this study.
Shell height (H), last whorl height (LWH), shell width (D), penultimate whorl width (PW), apertural height (AH), and apertural width (AW).
Fig 6.
Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis.
Nodal support values are given as SH-aLRT/aBayes/ultra-fast bootstrap (IQ-TREE, ML)/posterior probability (MrBayes, BI). Two asterisks on the branch indicate a clade with all well-supported values (SH-aLRT ≥ 80%, aBayes ≥ 0.95, BS ≥ 95%, PP ≥ 0.95), whereas one asterisk indicates a clade well supported by ML but not by BI.
Fig 7.
Mitochondrial haplotype minimum spanning networks of Amphidromus cruentatus.
A. COI and B. 16S rRNA. The size of each circle corresponds to the frequency of that haplotype, also shown as the number in that circle. The cross bars on the branches indicate the number of transitions between haplotypes. Specimen codes correspond to those in Table 1.
Table 2.
Percentage of pairwise p-distances among different morphs of Amphidromus cruentatus within the same and between different collecting sites for partial COI (above the diagonal) and 16S rRNA (below the diagonal) gene fragments.
Genetic distances within the same morph for COI/16S are shown on the diagonal.
Table 3.
Welch’s t-test between different morphs of Amphidromus cruentatus within the same collecting site and between different collecting sites regardless of morph membership.
Fig 8.
Principle component analyses of shell parameters.
A, B. All shell parameters, and C, D. only shell ratios, with separate ellipses (A, C) for each A. cruentatus morph, and one ellipse (B, D) for all A. cruentatus specimens with dark blue circles indicating data points of type specimens of nominal species synonymized under A. cruentatus. Prediction ellipses are based on probability of 0.95 with star as centroid of each ellipse (N = 197 data points).
Fig 9.
Mean shell shape of Amphidromus cruentatus specimens.
A. Samphanh, Laos B. Ban Phone, Laos and C. Chu Prong, Vietnam.
Fig 10.
Genital system of Amphidromus cruentatus specimen NMNS-8476-058 (ZY6) from Chu Prong, Vietnam.
A. General view of genitalia and B. internal wall sculpture of penis and vagina.
Table 4.
Summary of the status of Amphidromus cruentatus and similar related species.