Fig 1.
Location of the study area.
Table 1.
Meteorological stations and data information.
Fig 2.
The flow chart of temperature estimation.
Fig 3.
Comparison between observed and calculated temperature values.
(a) Qinan, (b) Wushan, (c) Qingshui, and (d) Weiyuan.
Fig 4.
Comparison between the air temperature calculated values obtained by ten-fold cross validation method and observed values.
(a) Qinan, (b) Wushan, (c) Qingshui, and (d) Weiyuan.
Fig 5.
Spatial distribution of average temperature and long-term trend from 2001 to 2020.
Fig 6.
Interannual variation of average temperature.
Fig 7.
Seasonal variation slope of Ta from 2001 to 2020.
Table 2.
Results of the M-K test in different seasons (significant level is 0.05).
Fig 8.
Interannual variation rate, coefficient of variation and change trend of NDVI.
Fig 9.
Correlation coefficient between Ta and NDVI.
Fig 10.
Long-term trend of LST, M-K change detection, P value, correlation coefficient distribution of LST and NDVI from 2001 to 2020.
(a) long-term trend of LST, (b) M-K change detection, (c) p value, (d) spatial distribution of correlation coefficient between LST and NDVI.
Fig 11.
The correlation coefficient between Ta and LST.
Fig 12.
Comparison diagram of air temperature and DEM.