Table 1.
Demographic and clinical data of participants with different presentations of COVID-19 who were recruited for the study.
Table 2.
HLA class I and II allele frequencies in individuals with mild, severe and critical COVID-19 who were recruited for this pilot study.
The statistical significance of the comparisons between the allele frequencies of groups of individuals with severe and critical COVID-19 and the group of individuals with mild COVID-19 was calculated using Fisher’s exact test or chi-square test 2x2. Significance levels were corrected by Bonferroni correction. Significant pc <0.05 are highlighted in bold font.
Table 3.
Frequency of the associations between specific HLA class I alleles that may interact with KIR in individuals with mild, severe and critical COVID-19.
The statistical significance of the comparisons between the frequencies of these allele combinations in the groups of individuals with severe and critical COVID-19 and the group of individuals with mild COVID-19 was calculated using Fisher’s exact test or chi-square 2x2. Significance levels were corrected by Bonferroni correction. Significant pc <0.05 are highlighted in bold font.
Table 4.
Most common HLA haplotypes observed in individuals with mild, severe and critical COVID-19.
The statistical significance of the comparisons between the frequencies of these haplotypes in the groups of individuals with severe and critical COVID-19 and the group of individuals with mild COVID-19 was calculated using Fisher’s exact test 2x2. Significance levels were corrected by Bonferroni correction. Significant pc <0.05 are highlighted in bold font.
Table 5.
KIR genes and alleles identified in individuals with mild, severe and critical COVID-19.
The statistical significance of the comparisons between the frequencies of KIR genes and alleles in the groups of individuals with severe and critical COVID-19 and the group of individuals with mild COVID-19 was calculated using Fisher’s exact test 2x2. Significance levels were corrected by Bonferroni correction.
Fig 1.
Comparative structure of peptide-binding pockets of HLA-C1 and -C2 alleles.
(A) 3D modelling of HLA-C*07:02 (C1) as a template to perform mutagenesis in silico in positions 9, 11, 24, 77, 80, 90, 94, and 95 (grey residues) of the binding pocket, according to the amino acids presented by HLA-C*08:02 allele (group C1) (Tyr9, Ser11, Ala24, Ser77, Asn80, Ala90, Thr94, and Leu95) (left image) or by HLA-C*07:01 allele (group C2) (Asp9, Ala11, Ser24, Asn77, Lys80, Asp90, Ile94, and Ile95) (right image). (B) Hydrogen-type bonds between amino acids are represented with red lines and both residue-residue and residue-antigenic amino acids interactions in the pocket are represented in green.