Fig 1.
Map of geographical distribution of Charadrius collaris and Vanellus chilensis, with their respective collection locations.
Charadrius collaris: 1-Island of Otelina; 2- Pilão beach; Vanellus chilensis: 3-Belém Airport. The map was prepared using the QUANTUM-GIS software, v. 2.10.1 (https://qgis.org). The free database was obtained from DIVA-GIS (https://www.diva-gis.org).
Fig 2.
G-banding in Charadrius collaris (2n = 76) showing the homologies of whole chromosome probes of Burhinus oedicnemus (right).
(*) Macrochromosome probes reveal homeology to the sex chromosome W. The microchromosomes are arranged sequentially, as the correct homeologies cannot be detected due to the lack of reliable markers.
Fig 3.
Chromosomal painting of whole chromosome probes of Burhinus oedicnemus on Charadrius collaris.
The probes are visualized with avidin-Cy3 (red); chromosomes counterstained with DAPI (blue).
Fig 4.
G-banding in Vanellus chilensis (2n = 78) showing the homologies of whole chromosome probes of Burhinus oedicnemus (right).
The microchromosomes are arranged sequentially as the correct homeologies cannot be detected due to lack of reliable markers.
Fig 5.
Chromosomal painting of whole chromosome probes of Burhinus oedicnemus homologous to macrochromosomes in Vanellus chilensis.
The probes are visualized with avidin-Cy3 (red); chromosomes counter-stained with DAPI (blue).
Fig 6.
Idiogram for chromosomal pairs that have undergone pericentric inversions or centric fusions.
Pericentric inversion that differ: A) BOE3 from CCO3; B) BOE6 from CCO6; C) Pericentric inversion of the metacentric CCO8 and the acrocentric BOE9; D) Fusion of CCO9 and CCO10 giving rise to BOE8.
Table 1.
Chromosomal correspondence between Gallus gallus (GGA), Burhinus oedicnemus (BOE), Vanellus chilensis (VCH), Charadrius collaris (CCO), Larus argentatus (LAR), Actitis macularius (AMA), and Jacana jacana (JJA) demonstrated by chromosome painting.
The numbers of chromosome pairs are those of the species karyotype. They are compared with the Putative Ancestral Avian Karyotype (PAK). Micro = microchromosome.? = Hybridization did not work.
Fig 7.
Phylogeny of Charadriiform and Gruiform Orders modified from original publications [1, 21].
Chromosomal data: Gruiformes [16, 20, 21, 31]; Burhinus [13]; Vanellus [11; present work]; Charadrius (present work); Jacana [17]; Actitis [18]; Scolopax [19]; Larus [16]; PAK [4]. The numbers under the rearranged chromosomes refer to the karyotypes described by the respective authors. Only the diploid numbers of the genera analyzed by molecular cytogenetics are presented. M = microchromosome;? = Doubt about the location of the rearrangements; PAK: Avian Putative Ancestral Karyotype; GPAK: Gruiformes Putative Ancestral Karyotype; CPAK: Charadriiformes Putative Ancestral Karyotype. The karyotypes CPAK and GPAK are the same as PAK because there are no common rearrangements among the analyzed clades (Gruiformes, Charadrii, Scolopaci and Lari).