Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
Table 2.
Ten items of smartphone addiction scale—Short version and mean scores in this study.
Fig 1.
Regularized partial correlation network of smartphone addiction scale short-version in university and college students in Japan (n = 478).
Green lines indicate a positive association. Line thickness reflects the strength of association, controlling for all other symptom nodes in the network. SA: Smartphone Addiction Scale–Short version item SA1: Missing planned work due to smartphone use, SA2: Having a hard time concentrating in class, while doing assignments, or while working due to smartphone use, SA3: Feeling pain in the wrists or at the back of the neck while using a smartphone, SA4: Won’t be able to stand not having a smartphone, SA5: Feeling impatient and fretful when I am not holding my smartphone, SA6: Having my smartphone on my mind even when I am not using it, SA7: I will never give up using my smartphone even when my daily life is already greatly affected by it, SA8: Constantly checking my smartphone so as not to miss conversations between other people on Twitter or Facebook, SA9: Using my smartphone longer than I had intended, SA10: The people around me tell me that I use my smartphone too much.
Fig 2.
Values presented as standardized Z-scores, with higher scores indicative of greater influence within the overall network. SA: Smartphone Addiction Scale—Short version item.