Fig 1.
Description of the study area in BC.
Forest cover (dark green), provincial parks (light green), Timber Supply areas (TSAs in black) and the location of single visits (photo-user-day, PUD) derived from crowdsourced social media data (red). Geodetic datum: NAD 83. Source of layers Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/).
Table 1.
Data used to estimate the seasonal trends, number of annual visits of British Columbia’s (BC) forests and the value of the recreational ecosystem service.
PUD = photo-user-days, API = Application Programming Interface.
Fig 2.
Outline of the method used for estimating the annual visitation rates in BC forests.
Fig 3.
Outline of the methodology used for estimating the monetary value of the recreational ecosystem service provided by BC forested provincial parks.
Fig 4.
Place of origin of Flickr users that visited BC forests.
Deduced from the maximum PUDs method. GVA = Greater Vancouver Area.
Fig 5.
Temporal trends of forest recreation consumption in BC.
Values are averages obtained grouping the timestamps of the entire dataset of relevant pictures: (a) monthly variations in numbers of pictures (dark blue) and PUDs (light blue), and average number of pictures (b) and PUDs (c) over weekdays.
Fig 6.
Temporal (hourly) trends of picture acquisition in BC forests, across the seasons: a) total number of pictures, b) percentage of pictures (over the total of the season). Time of acquisition 0 includes pictures acquired between midnight and 12:59 AM local time, 1 includes pictures acquired between 1:00 and 1:59 AM, etc.
Fig 7.
Seasonal hotspots of forest recreation in south-western BC.
The confidence value indicates the probability of the cell being a hotspot according to the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic [38]. The size of the cells is 5.4 km2. Geodetic datum: NAD 83. Source of layers Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/).
Table 2.
Results for the univariate and bivariate OLS log-log regression models, in parenthesis we report standard errors.
Table 3.
Performances of the univariate and bivariate OLS log-log regression models.
Fig 8.
Estimated number of annual visits in BC forests (left) and south-western BC (right).
Values are average annual number of visits between 2005 and 2020. Geodetic datum: NAD 83. Source of layers Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/).
Table 4.
Summary statistics for the data used in the negative binomial regressions.
Fig 9.
Locations of the forested provincial parks in which we administered the negative binomial regression.
* denotes the parks in which the regressions yielded statistically significant results. Geodetic datum: NAD 83. Source of layers Natural Earth (https://www.naturalearthdata.com/).
Table 5.
Results of negative binomial regression for the detected visitors in BC forested provincial parks.