Fig 1.
Study flow diagram based on PRISMA guidelines.
Table 1.
Summary of study and patients’ characteristics.
Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment using Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS).
Fig 2.
Prevalence of bacterial coinfection. (ES (effect size), 95% CI (95% confidence interval)).
Fig 3.
Antibiotic use.
Fig 4.
Prevalence of bacterial coinfection by region.
Fig 5.
Prevalence of bacterial coinfection by study design.
Fig 6.
Antibiotic use by region.
Fig 7.
Antibiotic use by study design.
Fig 8.
Funnel plots illustrating the assessment of publication bias for each primary outcome.