Table 1.
A summary of related work.
Fig 1.
Rules of normalization.
Fig 2.
The Word2vec models: CBOW and Skip-gram.
Fig 3.
The proposed system block diagram for automatic grading of short responses.
Fig 4.
The LSTM cell structure.
Fig 5.
The LSTM optimization process.
Table 2.
A sample question, model answer, students’ answers, and grades.
Table 3.
An English translation of the previous Arabic sample.
Table 4.
The samples files description.
Fig 6.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 1.
Fig 7.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 2.
Fig 8.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 3.
Fig 9.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 4.
Fig 10.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 5.
Fig 11.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 6.
Fig 12.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 7.
Fig 13.
LSTM-GWO prediction and actual scores with experiment 8.
Fig 14.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 1.
Fig 15.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 2.
Fig 16.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 3.
Fig 17.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 4.
Fig 18.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 5.
Fig 19.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 6.
Fig 20.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 7.
Fig 21.
The LSTM-GWO accuracy and loss with experiment 8.
Fig 22.
Graphical representation of Lesk.
Table 5.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 1.
Fig 23.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 1.
Table 6.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 2.
Fig 24.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 2.
Table 7.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 3.
Fig 25.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 3.
Table 8.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 4.
Fig 26.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 4.
Table 9.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 5.
Fig 27.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 5.
Table 10.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 6.
Fig 28.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 6.
Table 11.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 7.
Fig 29.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 7.
Table 12.
Comparison of the proposed model and compared models with experiment 8.
Fig 30.
LSTM-GWO performance evaluation with experiment 8.
Fig 31.
Training time of LSTM-GWO and other models.