Fig 1.
Map of the study sites in the three countries.
The blue dots indicate the sites where field work was conducted.
Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants.
Table 2.
List of species cultivated in home gardens across the study sites in all countries.
Table 3.
Characteristics of home gardens.
Fig 2.
Proportion of participants (% per country) with a given number of plant species in their home garden.
Fig 3.
Percentage of households per country growing different tree species in their home gardens.
Table 4.
Total and average number of varieties per home garden for five highly represented tree species.
Fig 4.
Percentage of households with each apple (Malus spp.) variety in their home garden, per country.
Forest (*): material derived from seeds/root suckers harvested in the wild (forest). Local (**): local varieties to which the farmers interviewed could not attribute a name. Traditional: varieties available locally and identified through a specific name. Traditional Kazakhstan: traditional varieties that originated from Kazakhstan. Exotic: varieties coming from outside the country, usually widely commercialized. Improved local: varieties that originated within the country and have undergone formal breeding.
Fig 5.
Boxplot with number of individuals for each of the top five most abundant tree species in home gardens of each country.
Average values are calculated considering only those home gardens where each species occurred.
Fig 6.
Boxplot with average number of trees per variety, by species and country, for the five most abundant species.
Average values are calculated considering only home gardens where each variety occurred.
Table 5.
Sources of planting material by country for all species planted in home gardens.
Table 6.
Preferred characteristics when sourcing planting material for home gardens, by country.
Table 7.
Types of planting materials for home gardens sourced from the forest.
Table 8.
Traits influencing the selection of planting material from the forest.
Table 9.
Top-cited reasons for planting trees in the forest, all countries examined jointly.
Table 10.
Percentage of households per country and overall that plant trees into the forest for each species planted.
Table 11.
Source of reproductive material planted in the forest.