Fig 1.
Map of the Uluguru Mountains illustrating (a) the location of the Eastern Arc Mountains including the Uluguru Mountains; (b) coarse-scale location of closed and open habitat and transects in the Uluguru Mountains; and (c) medium-scale location of transects in the Uluguru Mountains.
Fig 2.
Climate data for the Uluguru Mountains.
Panel (a) displays mean monthly precipitation between 1980–2020 extracted from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) dataset [37], and (b) mean daily temperature by elevation that was recorded on-site.
Fig 3.
Patterns of species richness by season and habitat structure along an elevational gradient in the Uluguru Mountains.
Trends lines were computed using Semi-parametric Generalized Linear Mixed Models.
Table 1.
Results of Semi-parametric Generalized Linear Mixed Models assessing the effects of elevation, season, habitat structure, and family on species richness and abundance along an elevational gradient in the Uluguru Mountains.
NDF is the numerator and DDF is the denominator degrees of freedom for the F test. * p< 0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001.
Fig 4.
Patterns of species richness by family, season, and habitat structure along an elevational gradient in the Uluguru Mountains.
Trends lines were computed using Semi-parametric Generalized Linear Mixed Models.
Fig 5.
Patterns of butterfly abundance for all species combined by season and habitat structure along an elevational gradient in the Uluguru Mountains.
Trends lines were computed using Semi-parametric Generalized Linear Mixed Models.
Fig 6.
Patterns of butterfly abundance by family (Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae) and season and habitat structure along an elevational gradient in the Uluguru Mountains.
Trends lines were computed using Semi-parametric Generalized Linear Mixed Models.