Fig 1.
Locations where Stenella samples were obtained on the Brazilian waters.
In gray, sampled states: CE: Ceará; FN: Fernando de Noronha; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; PE: Pernamuco; BA: Bahia; ES: Espírito Santo; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: São Paulo; PR: Paraná; SC: Santa Catarina; RS: Rio Grande do Sul. This map was made using the QGIS software (QGIS.org, 2021; QGIS Geographic Information System; QGIS Association; http://www.qgis.org).
Table 1.
Genetic diversity values of the five Stenella species from Brazilian waters for 1516 base pairs (bp) of mtDNA (Dloop + Cytb + CoxI).
Sample size (N), number of haplotypes (Nh), polymorphic sites (PS), haplotype diversity (h), and nucleotide diversity (π).
Table 2.
Genetic distances between Stenella species from Brazilian waters for 1516 bp of mtDNA (Dloop + Cytb + CoxI).
Genetic distance values (%) are bellow diagonal, and, standard errors (SEs) are upper diagonal.
Fig 2.
Median-Joining network of Stenella species from Brazilian waters for mtDNA control region (Dloop), cytochrome b (Cytb), and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CoxI).
Each circle corresponds to a haplotype, and its size is proportional to its frequency. Black circles indicate missing or intermediate haplotypes. Lengths of lines connecting haplotypes are proportional to the number of substitutions between haplotypes.
Fig 3.
Bayesian cladogram generated by Beast of Stenella specimens from Brazilian waters for 1503 bp of mtDNA (Dloop + Cytb + CoxI) (see Tables 1 and 2).
Posterior probability values greater than 0,5 are presented above nodes. Black boxes indicate misplaced specimens. Dolphins images have been extracted from the website http://cis.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cf.
Fig 4.
Bayesian cladogram generated by Beast of Dloop sequences (331bp) for Stenella for ocean basins comparisons.
Posterior probability values greater than 0.5 are presented above nodes. Black arrows indicate misplaced haplotypes. Dolphins images have been extracted from the website http://cis.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cf.
Fig 5.
Bayesian cladogram generated by Beast from the Dloop sequences (331bp) highlighting the clade of S. clymene and S. coeruleoalba for ocean basin comparisons.
Posterior probability values greater than 0.5 are presented above nodes. Black boxes indicate misplaced haplotypes. Asterisk indicate haplotypes presents in different species. Table at right displays the ocean basin location of each haplotype and the number of specimens: SWA (Southwest Atlantic Ocean), NWA (Northwest Atlantic Ocean), NEP (Northeast Pacific Ocean). The numbers in the columns represent the number of specimens for each haplotype. Dolphins images have been extracted from the website http://cis.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cf.
Fig 6.
Bayesian cladogram generated by Beast from the Dloop sequences (331bp) highlighting the first clade of Stenella attenuata for ocean basin comparisons.
Posterior probability values greater than 0.5 are presented above nodes. Black boxes indicate misplaced haplotypes. Table at right displays the ocean basin location of each haplotype and the number of specimens: NEA (Northeast Atlantic Ocean), NWA (Northwest Atlantic Ocean), SWA (Southwest Atlantic Ocean), NEP (Northeast Pacific Ocean), SWP (Southwest Pacific Ocean). The numbers in the columns represent the number of specimens for each haplotype. Dolphins images have been extracted from the website http://cis.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cf.
Fig 7.
Bayesian cladogram generated in Beast from the Dloop sequences (331bp) highlighting the second clade of Stenella attenuata for ocean basin comparisons.
Posterior probability values greater than 0.5 are presented above nodes. Black boxes indicate misplaced haplotypes. Table at right displays the ocean basin location of each haplotype and the number of specimens: NEA (Northeast Atlantic Ocean), NWA (Northwest Atlantic Ocean), SWA (Southwest Atlantic Ocean), NEP (Northeast Pacific Ocean), SWP (Southwest Pacific Ocean). The numbers in the columns represent the number of specimens for each haplotype. Dolphins images have been extracted from the website http://cis.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cf.
Fig 8.
Possible heredograms of admixed individuals among Stenella species: a) between S. coeruleoalba and S. clymene; b) between S. attenuata and S. clymene; c) between S. frontalis and S. attenuata; d) between S. frontalis and S. longirostris. The images of the dolphins represent the morphological identity of the specimens, the colour of the mitochondrion represents the mitochondrial identity. In each panel the names of the possible hybrid specimens or the names of the haplotypes representing the possible hybrid specimens are listed. Dolphin images have been extracted from the website http://cis.whoi.edu/science/B/whalesounds/index.cf.