Table 1.
Live weight (LW), body weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of challenged broilers from 1 to 42 d of age.
Fig 1.
Alpha diversity of broilers cecum samples at 28 and 42 d of trial.
The study tested seven feed additives: enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), tylosin (55 ppm), CNSL–castor oil (CNSL-CO) at different doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t), and the control diet (without additives). Comparison over time (28 and 42 d) using Chao-1, Shannon, and Simpson indices.
Fig 2.
Comparison of alpha diversity for each additive between time points using Shannon index of broilers cecum samples at 28 and 42 d of trial.
The study tested seven feed additives: enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), tylosin (55 ppm), CNSL-castor oil (CNSL-CO) at different doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t), and the control diet (without additives).
Fig 3.
Comparison of alpha diversity at each time point using Shannon index of broilers cecum samples at 28 and 42 d of trial.
The study tested seven feed additives: enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), tylosin (55 ppm), CNSL-castor oil (CNSL-CO) at different doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t), and the control diet (without additives). Probabilities and means with different letters differ statistically by Tukey: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05.
Fig 4.
Beta diversity based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of broilers cecum samples at 28 and 42 d of trial.
The study tested seven feed additives: enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), tylosin (55 ppm), CNSL-castor oil (CNSL-CO) at different doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t), and the control diet (without additives). (A) Comparison between all treatments at each time point, with (top) the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot and (bottom) the differences in within-group Bray–Curtis distances. (B) Comparison for each additive between time points.
Table 2.
Adonis test result of the beta diversity based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarity of broilers cecum samples at 28 and 42 d of trial with seven feed additives: Enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), tylosin (55 ppm), CNSL-castor oil (CNSL-CO) at different doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t), and the control diet (without additives).
Fig 5.
Relative abundance of broilers cecum samples at 28 and 42 d of trial.
The study tested seven feed additives: enramycin (8 ppm), virginiamycin (16.5 ppm), tylosin (55 ppm), CNSL–castor oil (CNSL-CO) at different doses (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/t), and the control diet (without additives). Relative abundances are presented in percentage (%) of taxa at (A) Phylum and Class, and (B) Family levels.