Table 1.
Descriptive statistics.
Fig 1.
Causal graph depicting the effect of the treatment variable (T) on the outcome (Y), identified via a compound instrument (Z), net of both measured covariates (X) and unmeasured confounders (U).
Fig 2.
The figure visualises the estimated excess mortality burden from respiratory infections and tuberculosis per 100,000 population caused by IMF programmes as a whole (top) and IMF-mandated privatisation reforms (bottom).
The estimates are derived from two-way fixed effects instrumental variable regression models in which within-country changes in mortality rates across units with and without IMF programmes or privatisation conditionalities are calculated. First differences in the outcome variable are then used to estimate excess death rates.
Table 2.
Instrumented two-way fixed effects control models.
Fig 3.
Sensitivity analysis plot to assess residual confounding of the estimated effect of IMF programmes on mortality rates from respiratory infections and tuberculosis as per the top half of Fig 2.
Values on the solid lines would completely eliminate the estimated effect of IMF programmes. Values above the plotted curves would reverse the sign of the estimated effects.
Fig 4.
Sensitivity analysis plot to assess residual confounding of the estimated effect of IMF-mandated privatisation reforms on mortality rates from from respiratory infections and tuberculosis as per the bottom half of Fig 2.
Values on the solid lines would completely eliminate the estimated effect of privatisation reforms. Values above the plotted curves would reverse the sign of the estimated effects.