Fig 1.
Adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 to LoVo cells and their inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli ATCC 43896.
(A) L. acidophilus ATCC 4356. Black bar: L. acidophilus; grey bar: E. coli. (B) B. longum ATCC 15707. Black bar: B. longum; grey bar: E. coli. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. abc Groups with different letters in same row are significantly different by one way ANOVA-test with Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).
Fig 2.
Effect of butyrate treatment on mucin protein production in LoVo cells.
(A) Mucin protein content. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. abc Groups with different letters in same row are significantly different by one way ANOVA-test with Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). (B) Immunohistochemical staining of LoVo cells treated with butyrate at final concentration of 0 (a), 2 (b), 4 (c), 6 (d), and 8 mM (e). Scale bar, 100 μm (×200).
Fig 3.
Analysis of protein kinase signaling pathways in butyrate-treated LoVo cells.
The cDNA converted from total mRNA was applied to a TaqMan array 96-well fast plate, and comparative Ct method was used to calculate relative gene expression levels. The delta Ct value was determined by subtracting the delta Ct of the control sample from the individual Ct of the butyrate-treated samples. Significant changes in butyrate-induced gene expression were screened by filtering genes more than 2-fold increase of transcript compared to the control group. A fold change of the gene expression is shown in the parenthesis. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase.
Table 1.
Proteins induced by butyrate treatment in LoVo cells.