Fig 1.
Components and continua of host status.
Each of an insect’s potential host plants may land on different parts of preference, palatability, and survival continua, which are not necessarily correlated. A plant’s position along these continua determines its quality as a host.
Table 1.
Plant host classes and definitions.
Table 2.
Literature search results summary.
Fig 2.
Density plot of plant species mean cardenolide concentrations.
Vertical, dashed lines indicate mean values.
Fig 3.
Kaplan Meyer curves from a CPH model and larval development over time.
(A) Survivorship curves calculated by a CPH model from ages 1–30 days for larvae reared on different plant species. Negative controls (non-host species) were pooled. Color shaded areas represent 95% CIs of each curve. (B) The development of monarch larvae reared on different plants as the mean instar by larval age. Negative controls are omitted. Error bars indicate the standard error of mean instar for each day excluding dead individuals.
Table 3.
Pairwise Tukey post-hoc tests on the estimated marginal means of modeled larval survival from 1–5 and 6–30 days after hatching.
Fig 4.
Outcomes of die-off events by plant treatment.
(A) Outcomes of the early die-off. (B) Outcomes of the late die-off. Non-hosts are omitted because no larvae survived past day 5.