Fig 1.
Overview of the milk production system boundary considered in this study.
Table 1.
Ingredient and nutrient composition of 1 kg of diet for calves, heifers, close-up heifers, lactating cows, and dry cows in the South Dakota dairy system.
Table 2.
Crop production area, transportation mode, distance traveled and yield.
Table 3.
Coproduct or byproduct production region, mode of transportation and distance traveled.
Table 4.
The proportion of manure management system reported by EPA and NRCS in South Dakota.
Methane conversion factor (MCF) from IPCC (2019) is also provided.
Fig 2.
Greenhouse gas emissions using global warming potential100 to produce 1kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) in South Dakota.
Fig 3.
Comparison of emissions related to corn grain production at the farm gate in South Dakota and Iowa.
Fig 4.
Total emissions per kg FPCM as anaerobic digester use increases.