Fig 1.
Selection of participants based on prescribed criteria. LGA, large for gestational age; GA, gestational age; DM, diabetes mellitus; P-DM, pre-gestational DM; I-GDM, GDM insulin managed and D-GDM, GDM diet managed.
Table 1.
Summary of maternal and fetal characteristics between DM and control participants.
Table 2.
Comparison between the effects of BMI and DM on fetal abdominal and mid-thigh fat. The baseline groups used for comparison were normal weight and the control group. Mean values were adjusted for gestational weeks.
Table 3.
Rates of fat accretion mm/week (95% CI) between maternal BMI categories and diabetes.
Fig 2.
Subanalysis of different types of diabetes in pregnancy for the abdomen and mid-thigh.
Mean fat thickness measurements are represented along the y-axis with early, middle and late stages of fetal fat accretion on the x-axis. Differences were noted for abdominal fat measurements at late stages of development in P-DM, I-GDM and D-GDM groups compared with the control (6.03 mm (5.75–6.30), p < 0.0001; 5.85 mm (5.67–6.04), p < 0.0001 and (5.92 mm (5.52–6.31), p = 0.0076, respectively). D-GDM also demonstrated early stage (1.55 mm (1.43–1.68), p = 0.0096) and mid stage (3.59 mm (3.34–3.85); p = 0.0018) differences. Mid-thigh fat differences were only seen in P-DM and I-GDM groups during the late 3rd trimester scans (6.03 mm (5.75–6.30); p < 0.0001 and 5.85 mm (5.67–6.04); p = 0.001, respectively). Pink = Control; green = diet managed GDM; blue = insulin managed GDM and lilac = pre-gestational DM.
Table 4.
Rates of accretion between different types of diabetes in pregnancy.
Table 5.
Ratio of abdominal to mid-thigh for different types of diabetes in pregnancy.