Fig 1.
Skull of “Martes” sansaniensis from Hammerschmiede (A; GPIT/MA/10959) in comparison to that of the extant Martes martes (B; GPIT/MA/18609).
Fig 2.
Upper dentition of “Martes” sansaniensis from Hammerschmiede: (A) GPIT/MA/10959 skull; (B) GPIT/MA/09882 left M1; (C) GPIT/MA/12308 right M1 (D) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-4065 right P4 in lingual (D1) and occlusal view (D2).
Table 1.
Dimensions (in mm) of the upper incisors of the “Martes” sansaniensis skull from Hammerschmiede (GPIT/MA/10959).
Table 2.
Comparison of the upper teeth of the “Martes” material from Hammerschmiede and the marten-like species from the Middle/Late Miocene indicating the source of data.
In the “M”. filholi specimen from La Grive-Saint-Alban, measurements were taken from a cast of the holotype and based on the figures of [27].
Table 3.
Comparison of the lower teeth of the “Martes” material from Hammerschmiede and the members of the genus “Martes” in the Middle/Late Miocene indicating the source of data.
The measurements of the material of “M”. filholi from La Grive-Saint-Alban were taken based on the figures of [27].
Table 4.
Comparison of the skull measurements of “Martes” sansaniensis from Hammerschmiede (GPIT/MA/10959) with that of Martes martes (GPIT/MA/18609).
Fig 3.
Material of “Martes” cf. munki from Hammerschmiede: (A) hemimandible (GPIT/MA/16924) in (1) buccal, (2) lingual and (3) occlusal views; (B) M1 (GPIT/MA/10666) in occlusal view; (C) m1 (GPIT/MA/10636) in buccal view.
Fig 4.
Comparison of the M1 (A) and m1 (B) of “Martes” from Hammerschmiede to that of other species of the genus. Data sources similar to that of Tables 2 and 3.
Fig 5.
The P4 of “Martes” sp. from Hammerschmiede (SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-34) in (A) occlusal, (B) ventrolingual and (C) buccal view.
Fig 6.
The two P4 (GPIT/MA/10388) of Circamustela hartmanni sp. n. from Hammerschmiede: (A) GPIT/MA/10388 and (B) SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-23 in occlusal, buccal and lingual views.
Fig 7.
Lower dentition of Circamustela hartmanni sp. n. from Hammerschmiede: (A) right hemimandible (GPIT/MA/17238; holotype) in (1) buccal, (2) occlusal and (3) lingual views and (B) m1 and m2 (GPIT/MA/17033) in (1) buccal, (2) lingual and (3) occlusal views.
Table 5.
Metrical comparison of the dimensions of P4 and M1 of Circamustela hartmanni sp. n., Circamustela sp., C. dechaseauxi and C. peignei indicating the source of data.
Localities: HAM 5 (Hammerschmiede 5), LVF (Los Valles de Fuentidueña), DD (Dorn-Dürkheim), CLL (Can Llobateres) and BAT3 (Batallones 3).
Table 6.
Metrical comparison of the lower teeth of Circamustela hartmanni n. sp. from Hammerschmiede and other material of the genus Circamustela indicating the source of data.
Localities: DD (Dorn-Dürkheim), and BAT3/5 (Batallones 3/5). Measurements on the holotype of C. dechaseauxi have been taken by the present authors.
Fig 8.
Comparison of the P4 (A) and m1 (B) of Circamustela hartmanni from Hammerschmiede to that of Circamustela peignei, Circamustela dechaseauxi and Aragonictis araid. Data sources: C. peignei [62], C. dechaseauxi (personal data) and A. araid [45].
Fig 9.
The right upper molar attributed to Laphyctis mustelinus (SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-3395) in disto-occlusal (A), occlusal (B) and mesio-occlusal view (C).
Table 7.
Comparison of the dimensions of SNSB-BSPG-2020-XCIV-3395 with that of other upper molars of Miocene gulonines indicating the data source.
Fig 10.
The hemimandible attributed to Guloninae indet.
(GPIT/MA/10297) from Hammerschmiede.
Table 8.
Dental dimensions of the hemimandible identified as Guloninae indet.
(GPIT/MA/10297).
Fig 11.
Eomellivora moralesi from Hammerschmiede: (A) GPIT/MA/09877 left I3, (B) GPIT/MA/09875 right p4–m1, (C) GPIT/MA/09632 left m2, (D) GPIT/MA/12347 left p3 and (E) GPIT/MA/10302 left m1.
Table 9.
Comparison of dental dimensions between the material of Eomellivora moralesi from Hammerschmiede and other relatable forms indicating the data source.
Fig 12.
Material of Vishnuonyx neptuni from HAM 4: (A) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5702 M1 in distal (A1), occlusal (A2) and mesial view (A3); (B) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5700 p4 in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2) and lingual view (B3); (C) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-4029 right m1 in lingual (C1), occlusal (C2) and buccal view (C3); (D) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5701 right m1 in occlusal (D1), buccal (D2) and lingual view (D3).
Table 10.
Metrical comparison of the dimensions of M1, p4 and m1 from the herein presented specimens of Vishnuonyx neptuni, with previously published material from this species and other species of the genus indicating the source of data.
Fig 13.
Material of Paralutra jaegeri from Hammerschmiede (A–D) and Steinheim (E–F): (A) GPIT/MA/10393 P4 in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2) and lingual view (A3); (B) GPIT/MA/12322 M1 in occlusal view; (C) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5704 M1 in occlusal view; (D) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5703 M1 in occlusal view; (E) SMNS-4082 left maxilla with P2–P4 in occlusal view, Holotype; (F) SMNS-16816 M1 in occlusal view.
Table 11.
Comparison of P4 and M1 dimensions between the Hammerschmiede specimens of Paralutra jaegeri and material from other localities indicating the data source.
Fig 14.
Material of cf. Lartetictis cf. dubia from Hammerschmiede: (A) GPIT/MA/17790 hemimandible and (B) GPIT/MA/13749 m1.
Table 12.
Metrical comparison of the lower teeth of the different forms of Lartetictis.
Values in parentheses indicate measurements of the alveolus indicating the data source.
Fig 15.
The material of Trocharion albanense from Hammerschmiede: (A) the partial skull GPIT/MA/16579 in dorsal view; (B–G) the M1 in occlusal view: (B) GPIT/MA/12553; (C) GPIT/MA/13462; (D) GPIT/MA/13712; (E) SNSB-BSPG-2020-XCIV-2690; (F) GPIT/MA/18601; (G) GPIT/MA/18607.
Table 13.
Metrical comparison of the Hammerschmiede material of Trocharion albanense to that from Vallès-Penedès and Leptarctus spp indicating the data source.
Fig 16.
Material of Palaeomeles pachecoi from Hammerschmiede: (A) GPIT/MA/12650 P4; (B) GPIT/MA/09926 M1; (C) GPIT/MA/09884 M1; (D) GPIT/MA/13711 right hemimandible; (E) SNSB-BSPG-2020-XCV-0032 left hemimandible; (F) GPIT/MA/13749 m1.
Table 14.
Metrical comparison of the two M1 of Palaeomeles pachecoi from HAM 5 with that of P. pachecoi from Spain indicating the data source.
Table 15.
Metrical comparison of the lower dentition of Palaeomeles pachecoi from HAM 5 with that of P. pachecoi from Spain indicating the data source.
Fig 17.
Material of Proputorius sansaniensis from Hammerschmiede: (A) SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-24: right p4 in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views; (B) SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-25: right m1 in lingual (B1), buccal (B2) and occlusal (B3) views.
Table 16.
Metrical comparison of the upper and lower dentition of Proputorius sansaniensis and Proputorius pusillus from HAM 1 (the abbreviation SNSB-BSPG-was removed to save space) with other material of the genus indicating the data source.
Fig 18.
Material of Proputorius pusillus from Hammerschmiede: (A) SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-31, left p3 in (A1) lingual and (A2) occlusal views; (B) SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-32, right m1 in (B1) occlusal (B2) buccal and (B3) lingual views.
Table 17.
Comparison of M1 and m2 between the specimens from Hammerschmiede and other Miocene ailurids from Europe indicating the data source.
Fig 19.
The upper first molar of Alopecocyon goeriachensis from Hammerschmiede (SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCV-382) in (A) occlusal, mesial (B) and buccal view (C).
Fig 20.
Scatter plot comparing the M1 dimensions of Middle and Late Miocene ailurids of Europe: black triangle = Alopecocyon goeriachensis from Hammerschmiede; violet triangle = Alopecocyon goeriachensis from other localities [82, 168], black X = Protursus simpsoni from Rudabánya [65], green square = Simocyon diaphorus from Rudabánya [65] and brown dots = Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 [170].
Fig 21.
The right m2 of Simocyoninae indet. from Hammerschmiede (SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5705) in: (A) occlusal, (B) buccal and (C) lingual view.
Fig 22.
Scatter plot comparing the m2 dimensions of Middle and Late Miocene ailurids of Europe: violet triangles = Alopecocyon goeriachensis [27, 72, 168], blue rhombus = Simocyoninae indet. from Hammerschmiede (SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5705), black X = Protursus simpsoni from Can Llobateres [159] and Rudabánya [65], black circle = Magerictis imperialensis from Madrid [167], green square = Simocyon diaphorus from Eppelsheim [169] and brown dots = Simocyon batalleri from Batallones-1 [170].
Fig 23.
The material of Potamotherium sp. from Hammerschmiede (A, B), in comparison to specimens of Potamotherium valletoni (C–E) and Potamotherium miocenicum (F–G) from other localities: (A) right P3 from Hammerschmiede (SNSB-BSPG-2020-XCIV-3551); (B) left M1 from Hammerschmiede (GPIT/MA/10505); (C)left M1 from Enspel (Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz—5009/1a; [180]); (D) left M1 from Allier (British Museum of Natural History, London—M 7651; [125]); (E) right M1 of a skull from Allier (flipped; SNSB-BSPG-1885-I-13; [181]); (F) right M1 from Vordersdorf (flipped; Naturhistorisches Museum Wien– 126; [182]); (G) left M1 from Baigneaux-en-Beauce (Bale S.O. 5991; [183]).
Table 18.
Metrical comparison of the Potamotherium P3 and M1 from Hammerschmiede to other published specimens for the genus indicating the data source.
Fig 24.
New material of Semigenetta sansaniensis from Hammerschmiede: (A) GPIT/MA/13452 right M1 in (A1) occlusal, (A2) mesial and (A3) distal view; (B) GPIT/MA/12130 left p4 in (B1) buccal, (B2) lingual and (B3) occlusal view; (C) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-5706 right m1 in buccal (C1), lingual (C2) and occlusal (C3) view; (D) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-4024 right hemimandible in occlusal (D1), buccal (D2) and lingual (D3) view; (E) SNSB-BSPG-1973-XIX-26, right m2 in occlusal view; (F) GPIT/MA/10298 right calcaneum in (F1) dorsal and (F2) ventral views. The size of the M1 (A) and m2 (E) has been doubled for the sake of visibility.
Table 19.
Metrical comparison of the dental dimensions between the new specimens of Semigenetta sansaniensis from Hammerschmiede with the currently known measurements of the genus indicating the data source.
Data of Semigenetta grandis are mentioned in Table 20.
Table 20.
Comparison of the m1 dimensions between the known specimens of Semigenetta grandis indicating the data source.
Fig 25.
The new lower carnassial of Semigenetta grandis (SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-4220) from HAM 4 in buccal (A), lingual (B) and occlusal (C) view.
Fig 26.
The P4 of Viverrictis modica from Hammerschmiede: (A) SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-3995, right P4; (B) GPIT/MA/16659, right P4; (C) GPIT/MA/12649, left P4 in (1) lingual, (2) buccal and (3) occlusal view.
Table 21.
Metrical comparison of the P4L of SNSB-BSPG-2020 XCIV-3395 with the known datasets for Viverrictis modica and Viverrictis vetusta indicating the data source.
Table 22.
Distribution of the discussed taxa in the Hammerschmiede layers, together with their estimated body mass (BM; in kg), locomotor lifestyle (LL; GT = Generalized Terrestrial; SA = Semi-Aquatic; Sc = Scansorial; SF = Semi-Fossorial) and dietary habits (DH; I = Insectivorous; hC = Hypocarnivorous; C = Carnivorous; HC = Hypercarnivorous).
Attribution to these categories is based on [209] and this study. The numbers per layer indicate the minimum number of individuals.
Table 23.
Distribution of the small carnivorans (sensu [37]) among the localities of Sansan [72], La Grive-Saint-Alban fissures M+L7 and L3+L5 [27, 138], Hammerschmiede, Rudabánya [65] and Can Llobateres 1 [87, 159, 208].
Fig 27.
Stratigraphical range of the discovered carnivorans in species level.