Table 1.
PICO principles and Medline search strategy employed in the present review and in accordance with the PRISMA statement.
Fig 1.
A schematic representation of the search and selection process for studies that were excluded and included in the present study.
Table 2.
The outcomes of an assessment of risk of bias of published studies included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the present review.
Table 3.
Participant summary, task characteristics, and results for the 20 reported articles.
Fig 2.
Funnel plot for publication bias.
Funnel plot analysis, indicating potential publication bias. The different symbols represent the severity subgroups which may account for this bias.
Fig 3.
Forest plot showing overall and combined effect size.
Forest plot of combined ES, 95% CI, number visual attention tasks (n), heterogeneity (Q) and the magnitude of heterogeneity (I2) of overall, selective visual attention, sustained visual attention, and the orientation of visual attention. Note: *p <0.01.
Table 4.
Key results from the meta-analysis classified in terms of TBI severity, the component of visual attention and the type of outcome measure.
Table 5.
Outcomes of a sensitivity analysis of studies in which the combined effect size for task accuracy was estimated.
Table 6.
The outcomes of a sensitivity analysis of studies used to estimate the combined effect size for reaction time.
Fig 4.
A forest plot showing subgroup analysis based on TBI severity (mild and moderate-severe) for accuracy and reaction combined effect-sizes.
Fig 5.
Forest plot showing subgroup analysis of different the components of visual attention.
Forest plot of combined effect size, 95%CI, for accuracy and reaction time for selective visual attention, sustained visual attention, and the orientation of visual attention.
Fig 6.
Meta-regression analyses between effect sizes and post injury period in the two main severity subgroups.
Fig 6A shows effect size estimates for studies of mild TBI and Fig 6B shows that of moderate-to-severe TBI. Each figure includes the line of best fit for each group.