Table 1.
Overview of ISSVA-Classification for vascular malformations.
Fig 1.
Illustrative example of 4D-MR angiography in patient with extracranial AVM.
Patient in his forties with a progressive pulsating mass on his left upper lip. Magnetic resonance imaging using a dynamic 4D-MR angiography sequence (Fig 1A, sagittal reconstruction in mixed phase) reveals a dense vascular mass (arrow) on the upper lip with arteriovenous shunts. Diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was established. Catheter angiography with selective injection of the left external carotid artery (Fig 1B, lateral view) confirmed the diagnosis. The AVM (short arrow) was fed through the facial artery (long arrow) and drained predominantly into the facial vein. The facial artery was selectively catheterized using a microcatheter and embolized with microparticles (150–250 μm). At the end of the embolization procedure (Fig 1C, selective injection of the left external carotid artery in lateral view) the AVM is completely eliminated. The other branches of the external carotid artery are preserved.
Fig 2.
* Exclusion if not: AVM of head and neck, English language, published 2000–2020, Interventional treatment applied. ** More than one may apply.
Table 2.
Imaging modalities used.
Table 3.
Ratio of therapeutic agents used.
Table 4.
Outcome stratification.
Table 5.
Overview of meta-analysis.
Table 6.
Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) classification system for complications and outcome.