Fig 1.
PRISMA flow diagram.
Fig 2.
Visualization of the ratio estimator.
Table 1.
Characteristics of individuals of European ancestry included in the participating cohorts of AFGen.
Fig 3.
U-shaped association between resting heart rate and incident AF in seven cohorts of the AFGen consortium.
A regression analysis using a quadratic term was performed per cohort to explore a non-linear association. The meta-analysed quadratic term of the association between resting heart rate and incident AF is significant (p-value = 0.028).
Table 2.
Causal inference using instrumental variable analysis.