Table 1.
Recent studies on carbon dioxide, economic growth, renewable energy, and alternative and nuclear energy.
Table 2.
Summary of variables.
Table 3.
Descriptive statistics.
Table 4.
Results from Pesaran’s CD test concerning cross-sectional dependence.
Table 5.
Empirical results from the slope homogeneity test.
Table 6.
Empirical results from panel unit root test.
Table 7.
Results of cointegration test.
Table 8.
Results for the energy-growth-finance inter-relationship in the CPTPP countries.
Fig 1.
The causality relationship flows between economic growth (GDPpc), renewable energy usage (REC); energy consumption from fossil fuel sources (EC) and financial development (FD).
Table 9.
The empirical results on the Granger causality relationship between economic growth, renewable energy usage and financial development in the CPTPP countries.
Table 10.
Descriptive statistics for seven proxies for financial development.
Table 11.
Results of the robustness checks using seven alternative proxies for financial development.
Fig 2.
The causality relationship flows between renewable energy usage—Economic growth—Financial development using seven proxies.