Table 1.
Manure management components, strategies, and descriptions utilized in the study.
Descriptions are derived from the NAHMS Dairy 2014 Report 4 [23].
Fig 1.
Network graph showing the percentage of operations practicing the given manure handling strategy (diameter of nodes) and the percentage of operations practicing a pair of strategies together (width of edges, with widths colored by group based on magnitude of percentage).
Edges representing percentages of five or less were suppressed.
Fig 2.
Network graph showing the percentage of operations practicing the given manure storage strategy (diameter of nodes) and the percentage of operations practicing a pair of strategies together (width of edges, with widths colored by group based on magnitude of percentage).
Edges representing percentages of five or less were suppressed.
Fig 3.
Network graph showing, for the 98.3 percent of operations that applied manure to land owned or rented by the operation, the percentage of operations practicing the given manure application strategy (diameter of nodes) and the percentage of operations practicing a pair of strategies together (width of edges, with widths colored by group based on magnitude of percentage).
Edges representing percentages of five or less were suppressed.
Fig 4.
Network graph showing the percentage of operations practicing the given manure handling (blue) and storage (red) strategies (diameter of nodes) and the percentage of operations practicing handling-storage pairs of strategies together (width of edges, with widths colored by group based on magnitude of percentage).
Edges representing percentages of 10 or less were suppressed Edge percentages for this figure are located in the Supporting Information S2 Appendix.
Fig 5.
Network graph showing the percentage of operations practicing the given manure storage (red) and application (green) strategies (diameter of nodes) and the percentage of operations practicing storage-application pairs of strategies together (width of edges, with widths colored by group based on magnitude of percentage).
Edges representing percentages of 10 or less were suppressed Edge percentages for this figure are located in Supporting Information S2 Appendix.
Fig 6.
Relationship of manure handling to manure storage.
Results of nine logit models taking handling methods as the independent variables, and each storage method as the dependent variable. Odds ratios (OR) from each of the logit models are given, with red shading indicating an estimated OR < 1, and green an OR > 1. Models in which the association did not achieve significance at the family-wise p < 0.05 level across rows are color-coded grey.
Fig 7.
Relationship of manure application to manure storage.
Results of logit models taking each storage method as the independent variable, and each application method as the dependent variable. Odds ratios (OR) from each of the logit models are given, with red shading indicating an OR < 1, and green an OR > 1. Models in which the association did not achieve significance at the family-wise p < 0.05 level across rows are color coded grey.
Table 2.
Percentage of operations by manure handling strategy in cow housing areas, manure storage strategy, and, for the 98.3 percent of operations that applied manure to land owned or rented by the operation, percentage of operations by manure application strategy.
Fig 8.
Sankey-style diagram showing connections between MMS, based on logit model results.
Only models with OR > 1, and with family-wise p < 0.05 are included. Width of link increases with higher OR. Nodes and links are color coded according to their classification as elements commonly used in a solid, slurry/liquid, or mixed MMS.